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Q1. The plant in which new plantlets arise from buds present on the margins of leaves is:
Bryophyllum is a plant that reproduces vegetatively by leaves. Small buds (plantlets) develop along the margins of its leaves. These buds fall off and grow into new plants. Potato reproduces by tubers, sweet potato by roots, and ginger by rhizomes. Bryophyllum is the correct example.
Q2. Which of the following is an example of vegetative propagation by leaves?
Begonia reproduces by leaves, where new plants can grow from leaf cuttings. Onion and garlic propagate by bulbs (stems), and potato by tubers (stems). Begonia is the correct example of vegetative propagation by leaves. Bryophyllum is another example.
Q3. Vegetative propagation by stems occurs naturally in which of the following plants?
Strawberry reproduces naturally by runners (stolons), which are above-ground horizontal stems that produce new plants at their nodes. Sweet potato propagates by roots, carrot by roots, and Bryophyllum by leaves. Strawberry is the correct example of stem propagation.
Q4. The underground modified stem that grows horizontally and produces new plants at its nodes is called:
A rhizome is an underground modified stem that grows horizontally and has nodes and internodes with buds. Examples include ginger and turmeric. A tuber (like potato) is a swollen stem, a bulb (like onion) has fleshy scale leaves, and a root is not a stem.
Q5. Which part of the potato plant is used for vegetative propagation?
The potato plant is propagated by tubers, which are modified underground stems that store food and have buds (“eyes”). Each eye can sprout into a new plant. Potato does not propagate by roots, leaves, or seeds in vegetative propagation.
Q6. The swollen, fleshy underground stem that stores food and has “eyes” (buds) is correctly identified as:
A stem tuber is a swollen, fleshy underground stem that stores food and has buds (“eyes”). The potato is a classic example. Root tubers (like sweet potato) are modified roots, rhizomes are horizontal stems, and bulbs have fleshy scale leaves. Stem tuber is the correct term.
Q7. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of vegetative propagation?
Vegetative propagation produces genetically identical offspring (clones), not diverse offspring. Genetic diversity comes from sexual reproduction. The other options are advantages: faster growth, preservation of desirable traits, and propagation of seedless plants.
Q8. The method of artificial vegetative propagation in which a piece of stem is cut and planted in soil to develop roots is called:
Cutting is an artificial vegetative propagation method where a piece of stem (or root or leaf) is cut from a parent plant and placed in soil or water to develop roots and grow into a new plant. Grafting, layering, and tissue culture are different methods.
Q9. The artificial method in which a branch is bent and covered with soil while still attached to the parent plant is called:
Layering is an artificial vegetative propagation method where a branch is bent down and covered with soil while still attached to the parent plant. After roots develop, it is cut off and grows as a new plant. Cutting, grafting, and tissue culture are different methods.
Q10. In grafting, the part that is attached to the rooted plant is called the:
In grafting, the scion is the part (branch or bud) that is attached to the rooted plant (stock). The scion becomes the upper part of the grafted plant and determines the fruit/flower characteristics. The stock provides the root system.
Q11. In grafting, the rooted lower part that provides the root system is called the:
In grafting, the stock (or rootstock) is the rooted lower part that provides the root system. The scion is the upper part that is attached to the stock. The stock determines the root characteristics, while the scion determines the shoot characteristics.
Q12. For successful grafting, the cambium layers of the scion and stock must be aligned because:
In grafting, the cambium layers of the scion and stock must be aligned because cambium is the meristematic tissue that produces new vascular cells (xylem and phloem). This allows the two parts to grow together and form a continuous vascular connection. Cambium does not store food, transport water, or protect from diseases in this context.
Q13. Which of the following pairs is an example of a plant commonly propagated by stem cuttings?
Rose and sugarcane are commonly propagated by stem cuttings. Potato and ginger propagate by underground stems (tubers and rhizomes), onion and garlic by bulbs, and Bryophyllum and Begonia by leaves. Stem cuttings are a common artificial method for rose and sugarcane.
Q14. The artificial method in which a small piece of plant tissue is grown in a sterile nutrient medium in a laboratory is called:
Tissue culture is a modern artificial propagation method where a small piece of plant tissue (explant) is grown in a sterile nutrient medium in a laboratory. This method produces many plants from a small piece of tissue. Cutting, grafting, and layering are traditional methods.
Q15. The male reproductive part of a flower is called the:
The stamen is the male reproductive part of a flower. It consists of the anther (which produces pollen) and the filament. The pistil is the female part, the ovary contains ovules, and the stigma receives pollen. Stamen is the correct answer.
Q16. The part of the stamen that produces pollen grains is the:
The anther is the part of the stamen that produces pollen grains (male gametes). The filament is the stalk that supports the anther. The style and ovary are parts of the pistil (female). Anther is the correct answer.
Q17. The stalk that supports the anther is called the:
The filament is the stalk that supports the anther in the stamen. The style and stigma are parts of the pistil, and the ovary is the basal part of the pistil. The filament is the correct term for the stalk of the anther.
Q18. The female reproductive part of a flower is called the:
The pistil is the female reproductive part of a flower. It consists of the stigma (where pollen lands), the style (the tube), and the ovary (which contains ovules). The stamen is the male part, and the anther and filament are parts of the stamen.
Q19. The part of the pistil that receives pollen grains during pollination is the:
The stigma is the part of the pistil that receives pollen grains during pollination. It is usually sticky to trap pollen. The ovary contains ovules, the style connects the stigma to the ovary, and the anther produces pollen. Stigma is the correct answer.
Q20. The part of the pistil that contains the ovules is the:
The ovary is the part of the pistil that contains the ovules (which develop into seeds after fertilization). The stigma receives pollen, the style connects stigma to ovary, and the anther produces pollen. Ovary is the correct answer.
Q21. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower is called:
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther (male part) to the stigma (female part) of a flower. Fertilization is the fusion of gametes, germination is the growth of a seed, and regeneration is regrowing lost parts. Pollination is the correct term.
Q22. The type of pollination in which pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower is called:
Self-pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. Cross-pollination occurs between different flowers. Wind and insect pollination are agents of pollination, not types based on the source of pollen. Self-pollination is the correct answer.
Q23. The type of pollination in which pollen is transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different plant of the same species is called:
Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different plant of the same species. Self-pollination is within the same flower, autogamy is a type of self-pollination, and artificial pollination is human-assisted. Cross-pollination is the correct answer.
Q24. Which of the following is an agent of pollination?
Wind, water, and insects are all agents of pollination. Pollen can be carried by wind (anemophily), water (hydrophily), and insects (entomophily). Birds, bats, and other animals are also pollinators. All of the options are correct, so “All of the above” is the answer.
Q25. The male gametes in flowering plants are produced inside the:
Male gametes in flowering plants are produced inside pollen grains. Pollen grains contain two male gametes (sperm cells). The ovary contains ovules (female gametes), the stigma receives pollen, and the style is a tube. Pollen grain is the correct answer.
Q26. The female gametes (egg cells) in flowering plants are produced inside the:
The female gametes (egg cells) are produced inside the ovule, which is located in the ovary. The anther produces pollen, and the filament supports the anther. The ovule is the correct site for female gamete production.
Q27. The process of fusion of male and female gametes is called:
Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. Pollination is the transfer of pollen, germination is the growth of a seed, and regeneration is regrowth of lost parts. Fertilization is the correct term for gamete fusion.
Q28. After fertilization, the ovule develops into the:
After fertilization, the ovule develops into the seed. The ovary develops into the fruit. The flower is the reproductive structure, and pollen grains contain male gametes. The ovule becomes the seed, containing the embryo.
Q29. After fertilization, the ovary develops into the:
After fertilization, the ovary develops into the fruit. The ovule develops into the seed. The fruit protects the seeds and aids in their dispersal. The flower and pollen grain are not the products of fertilization. Fruit is the correct answer.
Q30. The process by which a seed grows into a new plant is called:
Germination is the process by which a seed grows into a new plant under suitable conditions. Pollination is pollen transfer, fertilization is gamete fusion, and regeneration is regrowth. Germination is the correct answer.
Q31. A flower that contains both stamens and pistils is called a:
A bisexual flower contains both male (stamens) and female (pistils) reproductive organs. A unisexual flower has either stamens or pistils but not both. Incomplete flowers are missing one or more whorls, and neutral flowers have no reproductive parts. Bisexual is the correct term.
Q32. A flower that contains either stamens or pistils but not both is called a:
A unisexual flower contains either stamens (male) or pistils (female) but not both. Examples include papaya, cucumber, and maize. Bisexual flowers have both, complete flowers have all whorls, and perfect flowers are another term for bisexual. Unisexual is the correct term.
Q33. The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species is an example of:
Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen between different plants of the same species. Self-pollination is within the same flower, autogamy is a type of self-pollination, and geitonogamy is between different flowers on the same plant. Cross-pollination is the correct answer.
Q34. Which of the following is an adaptation of wind-pollinated flowers?
Wind-pollinated flowers have large, feathery stigmas to catch pollen from the air. They are usually not brightly colored, have no scent, and do not produce nectar. Bright colors, scent, and nectar are adaptations for insect pollination. Large, feathery stigmas are adaptations for wind pollination.
Q35. Which of the following is an adaptation of insect-pollinated flowers?
Insect-pollinated flowers have brightly colored petals and a sweet scent to attract insects. They also produce nectar. Large, feathery stigmas and large amounts of lightweight pollen are adaptations for wind pollination. Anthers hanging outside are also typical of wind-pollinated flowers.
Q36. The process of growing new plants from a small piece of plant tissue in a sterile nutrient medium is called micropropagation, which is a type of:
Micropropagation is a type of tissue culture where new plants are grown from a small piece of plant tissue in a sterile nutrient medium in a laboratory. Cutting, grafting, and layering are traditional methods, not laboratory-based. Tissue culture is the correct term.
Q37. In air layering (marcotting), roots are induced to form on a stem by:
In air layering (marcotting), a ring of bark is removed from a stem, and the exposed area is covered with moist material (like moss). This induces root formation at that point. Planting a cutting, attaching a branch, and placing tissue in a medium are different methods.
Q38. Which of the following is an advantage of tissue culture?
Tissue culture can produce virus-free plants because the growing environment is sterile and controlled. It does require special equipment, is relatively fast, and can be used for many plant species. Producing virus-free plants is a major advantage.
Q39. In grafting, the cambium layers of scion and stock must be aligned because:
The cambium layers of the scion and stock must be aligned in grafting so that the meristematic tissue can produce new vascular cells (xylem and phloem) that connect the two parts, allowing water and nutrients to flow between them. Cambium does not produce flowers or store food directly.
Q40. Which of the following is NOT a reason for using artificial vegetative propagation?
Artificial vegetative propagation produces genetically identical plants (clones), not genetic variation. Genetic variation comes from sexual reproduction. The other reasons—producing identical plants, growing seedless plants, and faster production—are all valid reasons for using artificial vegetative propagation.
Q41. The part of the flower that becomes the seed after fertilization is the:
After fertilization, the ovule develops into the seed. The ovary develops into the fruit. The stigma and style are parts of the pistil that do not become seeds. The ovule is the correct structure that becomes the seed.
Q42. Which of the following is an example of a plant that propagates by leaves?
Bryophyllum propagates by leaves through the formation of plantlets along the margins of its leaves. Potato propagates by tubers, ginger by rhizomes, and onion by bulbs. Bryophyllum is the correct example of leaf propagation.
Q43. The process of double fertilization is unique to:
Double fertilization is a unique feature of angiosperms (flowering plants). In this process, one sperm fuses with the egg to form the zygote, and the other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei to form the endosperm. Gymnosperms, ferns, and mosses do not have double fertilization.
Q44. In a flower, the four main whorls from outermost to innermost are:
The four main whorls of a flower from outermost to innermost are: sepals (calyx), petals (corolla), stamens (androecium), and pistil (gynoecium). This is the correct order. The other options have the whorls in the wrong sequence.
Q45. Which of the following statements about self-pollination is correct?
Self-pollination occurs when pollen from a flower lands on the stigma of the same flower. It does not require external agents (though they may help), produces low genetic diversity, and is not the only type of pollination (cross-pollination also occurs). The correct statement is about pollen transferring within the same flower.
Q46. Which of the following is an advantage of cross-pollination over self-pollination?
Cross-pollination involves pollen transfer between different plants, leading to greater genetic diversity in offspring. This helps populations adapt to changing environments and resist diseases. Self-pollination does not require external agents but produces less genetic diversity. Cross-pollination is generally more beneficial for genetic variation.
Q47. The part of the flower that develops into the fruit is the:
After fertilization, the ovary develops into the fruit. The ovule develops into the seed. The stigma and style are not involved in fruit development. The ovary is the correct structure that becomes the fruit.
Q48. In tissue culture, the mass of undifferentiated cells that forms from the explant is called:
In tissue culture, the mass of undifferentiated cells that forms from the explant is called a callus. The callus can be induced to form shoots and roots to produce new plants. A clone is a genetically identical plant, an embryo is a developing organism, and a seedling is a young plant. Callus is the correct term.
Q49. Which of the following statements about vegetative propagation by stems is correct?
Ginger is propagated by rhizomes, which are modified underground stems. Sweet potato is propagated by roots (root tubers), potato by stem tubers, and carrot by roots (not stem cuttings). The correct statement is about ginger and rhizomes.
Q50. The sticky, sugary substance produced by the stigma that helps pollen grains adhere and germinate is called:
The stigma produces a sticky, sugary secretion that helps pollen grains adhere and provides a medium for their germination. Nectar is produced by nectaries to attract pollinators, a pollen tube is the tube that grows from a pollen grain, and style sap is not a standard term. Stigmatic secretion is the correct answer.