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Q1. The process by which living organisms produce new individuals of their own kind is called:
Reproduction is the biological process by which living organisms produce new individuals of their own kind. It ensures the continuation of the species. Excretion is waste removal, respiration is energy release, and circulation is transport of substances. Reproduction is the correct term for producing offspring.
Q2. The mode of reproduction that involves only one parent is called:
Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent (clones). Sexual reproduction involves two parents and the fusion of gametes. Asexual reproduction does not involve gametes or fertilization.
Q3. The mode of reproduction that involves the fusion of male and female gametes is called:
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote. This results in offspring that are genetically different from the parents. Asexual reproduction, vegetative propagation, and budding do not involve gamete fusion.
Q4. The type of fission in which a single parent cell divides into two equal daughter cells is called:
Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which a single parent cell divides into two equal daughter cells. Examples include Amoeba and bacteria. Multiple fission produces many cells, budding produces a bud, and fragmentation breaks into pieces. Binary fission is the correct answer.
Q5. The type of fission in which a single parent cell divides into many daughter cells simultaneously is called:
Multiple fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which a single parent cell divides into many daughter cells at the same time. Examples include Plasmodium (malaria parasite). Binary fission produces two cells, regeneration regrows body parts, and budding produces a bud.
Q6. The process of asexual reproduction in which a small outgrowth (bud) forms on the parent body and detaches to become a new individual is called:
Budding is a type of asexual reproduction where a small outgrowth (bud) forms on the parent body, grows, and eventually detaches to become a new individual. Examples include Hydra and yeast. Binary fission, multiple fission, and fragmentation are different processes.
Q7. The process in which a parent organism breaks into two or more fragments, and each fragment grows into a complete new individual, is called:
Fragmentation is a type of asexual reproduction where a parent organism breaks into fragments, and each fragment grows into a complete new individual. Examples include Spirogyra (algae) and some sea stars. Budding, binary fission, and regeneration are different.
Q8. The method of asexual reproduction in which special reproductive structures called spores are produced that germinate into new individuals is called:
Spore formation is a method of asexual reproduction in which specialized reproductive structures called spores are produced. Under favourable conditions, spores germinate into new individuals. Examples include bread mold (Rhizopus) and ferns. Budding, fragmentation, and binary fission are different.
Q9. The ability of an organism to regrow lost or damaged body parts is called:
Regeneration is the ability of an organism to regrow lost or damaged body parts. Examples include Planaria (flatworm), starfish, and lizards regenerating tails. Fragmentation is breaking into pieces, budding is forming a bud, and fission is cell division. Regeneration is the correct term.
Q10. The process of producing new plants from vegetative parts like roots, stems, and leaves is called:
Vegetative propagation is the process of producing new plants from vegetative parts of the plant, such as roots, stems, and leaves. It is a form of asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction involves seeds, spore formation uses spores, and regeneration regrows lost parts.
Q11. Which of the following is a natural method of vegetative propagation by roots?
Sweet potato reproduces naturally by roots (modified roots that store food). Potato reproduces by stems (tubers), ginger by rhizomes (stems), and onion by bulbs (stems). Sweet potato is the correct example of vegetative propagation by roots.
Q12. Which of the following is a natural method of vegetative propagation by stems?
Potato reproduces by stems (tubers are modified underground stems with “eyes” that sprout into new plants). Carrot and radish are roots, and sweet potato is also a root. Potato is the correct example of stem propagation.
Q13. The small buds that develop in the notches of leaves of Bryophyllum and grow into new plants are an example of vegetative propagation by:
In Bryophyllum, small buds (plantlets) develop in the notches along the margins of the leaves. These buds fall off and grow into new plants. This is an example of vegetative propagation by leaves. Roots, stems, and flowers are not the vegetative parts used in Bryophyllum.
Q14. The underground modified stem that grows horizontally and has nodes and internodes with buds is called:
A rhizome is an underground modified stem that grows horizontally and has nodes and internodes with buds. Examples include ginger and turmeric. A tuber (like potato) is a swollen stem, a bulb (like onion) has fleshy scale leaves, and a root is not a stem.
Q15. The thick, fleshy underground stem that stores food and has “eyes” (buds) is called:
A tuber is a thick, fleshy underground stem that stores food and has “eyes” (buds). The potato is a classic example. Rhizomes are horizontal stems, bulbs have scale leaves, and corms are solid swollen stems. Tuber is the correct answer.
Q16. The underground modified stem that is reduced to a disc-like structure with fleshy scale leaves and a cluster of roots at the base is called:
A bulb is an underground modified stem that is reduced to a disc-like structure with fleshy scale leaves and a cluster of roots at the base. Examples include onion and garlic. A tuber (potato) is solid, a rhizome is horizontal, and a corm is solid and swollen.
Q17. The swollen underground stem that is similar to a bulb but solid and covered by a thin, dry covering is called:
A corm is a swollen underground stem that is similar to a bulb but is solid and covered by a thin, dry covering. Examples include Colocasia and gladiolus. Rhizomes are horizontal, tubers are fleshy with buds, and bulbs have scale leaves. Corm is the correct answer.
Q18. The process of growing new plants from parts like stems, roots, or leaves by human intervention is called:
Artificial vegetative propagation is the process by which humans grow new plants from vegetative parts (stems, roots, leaves) using methods like cutting, grafting, and layering. Natural vegetative propagation occurs without human help. Sexual reproduction and spore formation are different.
Q19. In which method of artificial vegetative propagation is a branch of one plant attached to the stem of another plant so that they grow together?
Grafting is a method of artificial vegetative propagation where a branch (scion) of one plant is attached to the stem (stock) of another plant so that they grow together and form a single plant. Cutting uses a piece of stem, layering bends a branch, and tissue culture uses a laboratory.
Q20. The artificial method in which a branch of a plant is bent and covered with soil while still attached to the parent, and after rooting is cut off, is called:
Layering is an artificial vegetative propagation method where a branch of a plant is bent down and covered with soil while still attached to the parent. After it develops roots, it is cut off and grows as a new plant. Cutting, grafting, and tissue culture are different methods.
Q21. The artificial method in which a piece of stem, root, or leaf is cut from a parent plant and placed in soil or water to develop roots is called:
Cutting is an artificial vegetative propagation method where a piece of stem, root, or leaf is cut from a parent plant and placed in soil or water to develop roots and grow into a new plant. Grafting, layering, and budding are different methods.
Q22. The method of growing new plants from a small piece of plant tissue in a sterile nutrient medium in a laboratory is called:
Tissue culture is a modern method of artificial vegetative propagation where new plants are grown from a small piece of plant tissue in a sterile nutrient medium in a laboratory. Cutting, grafting, and layering are traditional methods, not laboratory-based.
Q23. The production of new plants from underground stems like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, and corms is an example of:
Underground stems like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, and corms produce new plants naturally without human intervention. This is natural vegetative propagation. Artificial methods involve human intervention like cutting, grafting, and layering.
Q24. Which of the following plants reproduces by means of runners (stolons)?
Strawberry reproduces by runners (stolons), which are above-ground horizontal stems that produce new plants at their nodes. Potato reproduces by tubers, ginger by rhizomes, and onion by bulbs. Strawberry is the correct example of runner propagation.
Q25. The type of fission in Amoeba is:
Amoeba reproduces by binary fission, where a single parent cell divides into two equal daughter cells. Multiple fission occurs in Plasmodium, budding in yeast, and fragmentation in Spirogyra. Binary fission is the correct answer for Amoeba.
Q26. Bread mold (Rhizopus) reproduces asexually by:
Bread mold (Rhizopus) reproduces asexually by spore formation. Spores are produced inside sporangia and are released to germinate into new individuals under favourable conditions. Budding (yeast), binary fission (Amoeba), and fragmentation (Spirogyra) are different.
Q27. The fungus that reproduces by budding is:
Yeast is a unicellular fungus that reproduces asexually by budding. A small bud forms on the parent cell, grows, and detaches to become a new individual. Rhizopus uses spore formation, Penicillium uses spores, and mushrooms reproduce by spores.
Q28. The filamentous green alga Spirogyra reproduces asexually by:
Spirogyra reproduces asexually by fragmentation, where the filament breaks into fragments, and each fragment grows into a new filament. Budding (yeast), binary fission (Amoeba), and spore formation (Rhizopus) are different.
Q29. The plant that reproduces by leaf buds (plantlets) along the margin of its leaves is:
Bryophyllum reproduces by leaf buds (plantlets) that develop along the margins of its leaves. These buds fall off and grow into new plants. Potato reproduces by tubers, sweet potato by roots, and onion by bulbs. Bryophyllum is the correct example of leaf propagation.
Q30. Which of the following statements about binary fission is correct?
Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction where a single parent cell divides into two equal daughter cells. It occurs in unicellular organisms like Amoeba and bacteria. It does not involve gamete fusion. The other statements are incorrect.
Q31. The advantage of vegetative propagation is that:
The main advantage of vegetative propagation is that it produces plants that are genetically identical to the parent (clones), preserving desirable traits. It does not produce genetic diversity (that’s sexual reproduction), does not require seeds, and is generally faster than seed propagation.
Q32. Which of the following is NOT a natural method of vegetative propagation?
Grafting is an artificial method of vegetative propagation, not a natural one. Potato tubers, ginger rhizomes, and onion bulbs are natural methods of vegetative propagation. Grafting requires human intervention to join two different plant parts.
Q33. The fleshy scale leaves in an onion bulb store:
The fleshy scale leaves in an onion bulb store food (carbohydrates) to provide energy for the developing plant. Water and minerals are not the primary storage substances, and oxygen is not stored. Onion bulbs are modified stems for food storage.
Q34. In multiple fission, the parent cell produces:
In multiple fission, the parent cell divides into many daughter cells simultaneously. This occurs in organisms like Plasmodium. Binary fission produces two cells, not four or one. The correct answer is many daughter cells at the same time.
Q35. The main difference between binary fission and multiple fission is:
The main difference is that binary fission produces two daughter cells, while multiple fission produces many daughter cells at the same time. Both are asexual and require one parent. The other statements are incorrect.
Q36. Which of the following plants reproduces by roots through vegetative propagation?
Sweet potato reproduces by roots (modified roots that store food). Potato reproduces by stems (tubers), ginger by rhizomes, and onion by bulbs. Sweet potato is the correct example of root propagation.
Q37. The process in which a single parent organism splits into two or more pieces, each growing into a complete organism, is called:
Fragmentation is the process where a parent organism breaks into two or more pieces, and each piece grows into a complete new organism. Regeneration is regrowth of lost parts, budding forms a bud, and fission is cell division. Fragmentation is the correct term.
Q38. Which of the following is an example of artificial vegetative propagation?
Growing a rose plant from a stem cutting is an example of artificial vegetative propagation because it involves human intervention. Potato tuber sprouting, onion bulb producing shoots, and ginger rhizome growing are natural methods. Stem cutting is a human-assisted method.
Q39. The term “clone” refers to offspring that are:
A clone is an organism that is genetically identical to its parent. This occurs in asexual reproduction, including vegetative propagation. Sexual reproduction produces genetic diversity, and clones are not produced from seeds (which are a result of sexual reproduction).
Q40. The main disadvantage of vegetative propagation is:
The main disadvantage of vegetative propagation is that it produces genetically identical plants (clones). If a disease or pest affects one plant, it can easily spread to all because they have the same genetic susceptibility. The other options are incorrect.
Q41. The method of grafting involves joining the scion and the:
In grafting, the scion (the upper part with buds) is joined to the stock (the lower part with roots). The stock provides the root system, and the scion provides the shoot. Root, leaf, and bud are not the parts joined in grafting.
Q42. Which of the following is NOT a reason why farmers use artificial vegetative propagation?
Farmers use artificial vegetative propagation to produce identical plants, grow seedless plants, and get faster results. It does NOT increase genetic diversity; it actually reduces it because all plants are clones. Genetic diversity comes from sexual reproduction.
Q43. The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reproduces asexually by:
Chlamydomonas reproduces asexually by binary fission, where the parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Multiple fission occurs in Plasmodium, budding in yeast, and fragmentation in Spirogyra. Binary fission is the correct answer.
Q44. The flatworm Planaria can reproduce asexually by:
Planaria reproduces asexually by fragmentation, and each fragment regenerates into a complete organism through regeneration. This is a combination of fragmentation and regeneration. Budding, binary fission, and spore formation are not the methods used by Planaria.
Q45. The spores produced by bread mold (Rhizopus) are found inside structures called:
In bread mold (Rhizopus), spores are produced inside spherical structures called sporangia. When mature, the sporangium breaks open, releasing spores. Cones are found in gymnosperms, flowers in angiosperms, and fruits are mature ovaries. Sporangia is the correct answer.
Q46. Which of the following statements about spore formation is correct?
Spores are produced in large numbers to increase the chances of survival and dispersal. They are not produced singly. Spores are produced by fungi, bacteria, and plants, not animals. Spores can survive harsh conditions due to their thick protective walls.
Q47. In grafting, the cambium layers of the scion and stock must be aligned because:
In grafting, the cambium layers (meristematic tissue) of the scion and stock must be aligned so that they grow together and form a continuous vascular connection. Cambium produces new xylem and phloem, allowing water and nutrients to flow between the two parts. It does not store food, transport water directly, or produce flowers.
Q48. The term “vegetative propagation” comes from the fact that new plants grow from:
The term “vegetative propagation” refers to the growth of new plants from vegetative parts of the plant, such as roots, stems, and leaves. It does not involve flowers, seeds, or spores. Vegetative parts are the non-reproductive parts of the plant.
Q49. Which of the following plants reproduces naturally by bulbils (small bulbs that form in leaf axils)?
Agave reproduces naturally by bulbils, which are small bulbs that form in the leaf axils. Potato reproduces by tubers, garlic by bulbs (cloves), and onion by bulbs. Bulbils are a natural method of vegetative propagation in some plants like Agave.
Q50. The main advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction in plants is:
The main advantage of sexual reproduction is that it produces genetically diverse offspring through the fusion of gametes. This genetic diversity helps populations adapt to changing environments and resist diseases. Asexual reproduction produces identical offspring and is faster, but it lacks genetic diversity.