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Q1. Benzpyrene present in tobacco is a
Benzpyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that is present in tobacco smoke. It is a known carcinogen (cancer-causing substance). It is not a mineral, vitamin, or protein. When tobacco is burned, benzpyrene is released and can cause DNA damage in lung cells, leading to cancer.
Q2. Alcohol is transported to body cells through
Alcohol is transported throughout the body through the bloodstream. After being absorbed from the stomach and small intestine, alcohol enters the blood and is carried to all organs and tissues. This is why alcohol affects almost every part of the body.
Q3. Tobacco increases secretion of
Tobacco increases the secretion of adrenaline (also called epinephrine). Nicotine stimulates the adrenal glands to release adrenaline, which increases heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. This is why tobacco users often feel a temporary boost in energy or alertness.
Q4. Alcohol lowers the activity of
Alcohol is a depressant that lowers the activity of the central nervous system (CNS). It slows down brain function, reduces inhibitions, impairs coordination, and affects judgment. This is why alcohol causes drowsiness, slurred speech, and loss of balance.
Q5. First case of AIDS was reported in USA in
The first cases of AIDS were reported in the United States in 1981. The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) reported unusual clusters of a rare lung infection (Pneumocystis pneumonia) among young gay men in Los Angeles and New York. This marked the beginning of the AIDS epidemic.
Q6. Oxidation of alcohol produces
The oxidation of alcohol in the body produces heat. When alcohol is broken down in the liver, it releases energy in the form of heat. This is why alcohol consumption can make a person feel warm. It does not produce oxygen or enzymes, and it produces heat along with some energy.
Q7. Alcohol causes loss of sensation due to its
Alcohol causes loss of sensation due to its anesthetic effect. It depresses the central nervous system, reducing the ability to feel pain and other sensations. This is why alcohol was historically used as a anesthetic or to numb pain. It does not have a significant hormonal or antibiotic effect.
Q8. Intercourse accounts for about
Sexual intercourse (unprotected) accounts for about 75% of HIV transmission worldwide. This is the most common mode of transmission of the virus. It is followed by other modes like blood transfusion and mother-to-child transmission.
Q9. Tobacco affects lungs and causes
Tobacco use is the leading cause of lung cancer. The carcinogens present in tobacco smoke damage the cells lining the lungs, leading to uncontrolled growth and cancer. While tobacco can contribute to other respiratory conditions, lung cancer is the most direct and deadly consequence.
Q10. Tobacco increases
Tobacco increases heartbeat rate due to the presence of nicotine. Nicotine stimulates the release of adrenaline, which increases heart rate and blood pressure. It does not increase immunity, body weight, or appetite. In fact, many smokers have reduced appetite and lower body weight.
Q11. The poisonous alkaloid present in tobacco is
Nicotine is the poisonous alkaloid present in tobacco. It is a highly addictive substance that stimulates the central nervous system. Cocaine is from the coca plant, morphine is from the poppy plant, and caffeine is from coffee and tea.
Q12. One species of tobacco plant is
Nicotiana tabacum is the most commonly cultivated species of tobacco plant. It is grown commercially for its leaves, which are used to make cigarettes, cigars, and other tobacco products. Solanum tuberosum is the potato, and Datura stramonium is a different plant species.
Q13. Naloxone is used in treatment of
Naloxone is used in the treatment of drug addiction, specifically opioid overdose. It is a medication that rapidly reverses the effects of opioid overdose by blocking opioid receptors in the brain. It is a life-saving drug used in emergency situations.
Q14. AIDS stands for
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is a disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The virus attacks and destroys the immune system, making the person vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
Q15. Heroin is obtained from latex of
Heroin is obtained from the latex of the poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). The latex contains morphine, which is chemically modified to produce heroin. Coca plant gives cocaine, cannabis plant gives cannabinoids, and tobacco plant gives nicotine.
Q16. Opioid receptors are also present in
Opioid receptors are also present in the gastrointestinal tract. This is why opioid drugs like morphine and heroin can cause constipation as a side effect. These receptors are also present in the brain and spinal cord, but their presence in the intestines affects gut motility.
Q17. Opioids bind to receptors present in
Opioids bind to opioid receptors present in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). This binding produces pain relief, euphoria, and other effects. The receptors are also found in other parts of the body, but the primary site of action is the CNS.
Q18. Tobacco causes constriction of
Tobacco causes constriction of blood vessels (vasoconstriction). Nicotine narrows the blood vessels, which increases blood pressure and reduces blood flow to certain parts of the body. This contributes to heart disease and other cardiovascular problems.
Q19. Most dominant mode of HIV transmission is
The most dominant mode of HIV transmission is unprotected sexual intercourse, accounting for about 75% of cases. This includes both heterosexual and homosexual transmission. Needle sharing, mother-to-child transmission, and blood transfusion are other modes but are less common.
Q20. Alcohol is a
Alcohol (ethanol) is a simple organic compound with the chemical formula C₂H₅OH. It belongs to the class of alcohols and is a small molecule. It is not a protein, inorganic compound, or complex organic compound.
Q21. Alcohol is rapidly absorbed from the
Alcohol is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). About 20% is absorbed from the stomach, and the rest from the small intestine. This is why the effects of alcohol are felt quickly after consumption.
Q22. Male to female HIV transmission is higher because
Male to female HIV transmission is higher because the exposure duration is longer. During sexual intercourse, the female is exposed to the male’s semen for a longer period, increasing the risk of transmission. The virus is not stronger, and female immunity is not weaker.
Q23. HIV leads to
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) leads to AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) if not treated. HIV gradually destroys the immune system, and when it becomes severely damaged, the person develops AIDS. HIV does not directly cause hepatitis, tuberculosis, or cancer, though it increases the risk.
Q24. Charas belongs to
Charas belongs to the class of cannabinoids. It is a psychoactive substance derived from the resin of the cannabis plant. It is commonly known as hashish and is used for its mind-altering effects.
Q25. Detoxification drugs include
Diazepam is used in the detoxification treatment of drug addiction, particularly during alcohol withdrawal. It belongs to the benzodiazepine class and helps manage withdrawal symptoms by calming the central nervous system. Insulin is for diabetes, penicillin is an antibiotic, and aspirin is a painkiller.
Q26. The most vital organ affected by alcohol is
The liver is the most vital organ affected by alcohol. It is responsible for metabolizing (breaking down) alcohol. Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to liver diseases such as fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. While other organs are also affected, the liver bears the greatest burden.
Q27. Opioids affect reproductive capacity in
Opioids affect reproductive capacity in males. Long-term use of opioids can reduce testosterone levels, leading to decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and infertility. While females can also be affected, the effects on male reproductive health are more pronounced and documented.
Q28. STDs are transmitted through
STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) are transmitted through sexual intercourse (both vaginal and anal). They can also be transmitted through oral sex and non-sexual means like blood transfusion. They are not transmitted through air, food, or water.
Q29. First case of AIDS in India was reported in
The first case of AIDS in India was reported in 1986 in Chennai (then Madras). This marked the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the country. Since then, the disease has spread to all parts of India, though infection rates have been declining in recent years.
Q30. AIDS patients usually die due to
AIDS patients usually die due to secondary infections (opportunistic infections). Because HIV destroys the immune system, the body becomes vulnerable to infections that a healthy immune system would normally fight off. Common causes of death include tuberculosis, pneumonia, and other infections. AIDS itself is the underlying condition, but the infections are the direct cause of death.
Q31. RTI stands for
RTI stands for Reproductive Tract Infection. It refers to infections affecting the reproductive organs, including the vagina, cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in females, and the penis, prostate, and testicles in males. These infections can be sexually transmitted or arise from other causes.
Q32. Tobacco is obtained from leaves of
Tobacco is obtained from the leaves of mature tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum). The leaves are harvested, dried, and cured before being processed into various tobacco products. The seeds, roots, and young branches are not used for tobacco production.
Q33. AIDS virus attacks the
The AIDS virus (HIV) attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4+ T cells. These cells are crucial for the body’s defence against infections. When HIV destroys these cells, the immune system becomes weakened, leading to AIDS.
Q34. STDs may be caused by
STDs may be caused by bacteria or viruses. Bacterial STDs include gonorrhoea, syphilis, and chlamydia. Viral STDs include HIV, herpes, and HPV. They are not caused by fungi alone, nor exclusively by bacteria or viruses—both types of pathogens can cause STDs.
Q35. Tobacco plants belong to family
Tobacco plants belong to the Solanaceae family, also known as the nightshade family. This family also includes potato, tomato, pepper, and eggplant. Poaceae is the grass family, Fabaceae is the legume family, and Liliaceae is the lily family.
Q36. Alcohol requires ______ for digestion.
Alcohol requires no digestion. Unlike food, alcohol is not broken down by digestive enzymes in the stomach or intestines. It is absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the stomach and small intestine. However, it is metabolized in the liver.
Q37. Marijuana is an example of
Marijuana is an example of a cannabinoid. It is derived from the cannabis plant and contains psychoactive compounds like THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). It is not a sedative (though it can have sedative effects), opioid (which are from poppy), or alcohol.
Q38. Diazepam belongs to group
Diazepam belongs to the benzodiazepine group of drugs. Benzodiazepines are central nervous system depressants used to treat anxiety, muscle spasms, and seizures. They are also used in the detoxification of alcohol withdrawal.
Q39. STDs are also called
STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) are also called venereal diseases. The term “venereal” comes from Venus, the Roman goddess of love. These diseases are primarily transmitted through sexual contact. They are not genetic, allergic, or nutritional diseases.
Q40. Scientific name of coca plant is
The scientific name of the coca plant is Erythroxylum coca. This plant is the source of cocaine, a powerful stimulant drug. Papaver somniferum is the poppy plant, Cannabis sativa is the cannabis plant, and Nicotiana tabacum is the tobacco plant.
Q41. Scientific name of poppy plant is
The scientific name of the poppy plant is Papaver somniferum. This plant is the source of morphine, codeine, and heroin. Erythroxylum coca is the coca plant, Cannabis sativa is the cannabis plant, and Nicotiana rustica is a species of tobacco.
Q42. Cocaine is obtained from
Cocaine is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylum coca). It is a powerful stimulant drug that affects the central nervous system. Tobacco gives nicotine, cannabis gives cannabinoids, and poppy gives opioids.
Q43. HIV was identified in
HIV was identified in 1984 by Dr. Robert Gallo and his team in the United States, and also by Dr. Luc Montagnier in France. This discovery confirmed that HIV was the cause of AIDS. The virus had been circulating for several years before it was isolated and identified.
Q44. Cannabinoids are obtained from plant
Cannabinoids are obtained from the plant Cannabis sativa. This plant contains psychoactive compounds like THC and CBD. Erythroxylum coca gives cocaine, Nicotiana tabacum gives nicotine, and Papaver somniferum gives opioids.
Q45. Alcohol increases the
Alcohol increases blood pressure, at least temporarily. It can cause vasoconstriction and increase heart rate, leading to higher blood pressure. It does not significantly increase body temperature, oxygen level, or body weight.
Q46. Tobacco smoke contains
Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas. Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells, reducing the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. This is why smokers can experience shortness of breath and other health problems.
Q47. HIV was identified by
HIV was identified by Dr. Robert Gallo in the United States in 1984. He was a prominent researcher who contributed significantly to the discovery of the virus. Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the structure of DNA, and Louis Pasteur was a pioneer in microbiology.
Q48. Cannabinoids interact with receptors in
Cannabinoids interact with cannabinoid receptors present in the brain. These receptors are part of the endocannabinoid system, which regulates various physiological processes including mood, memory, appetite, and pain sensation. The psychoactive effects of cannabis are primarily due to this interaction in the brain.
Q49. Poppy plants are mostly cultivated in
Poppy plants are mostly cultivated in the South Kashmir region, particularly around Islamabad (Anantnag). The region’s climate is suitable for poppy cultivation, though it is not legal in India. The opium produced is often diverted for illicit use.
Q50. Alcohol acts as a
Alcohol acts as a sedative (depressant) on the central nervous system. It slows down brain function, reduces anxiety, and induces relaxation. At higher doses, it causes drowsiness, sleep, and loss of consciousness. It is not a vitamin, stimulant, or nutrient.