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Q1. Response to fertilisers is an example of which improvement?
Response to fertilisers is an example of crop variety improvement. When developing new crop varieties, scientists select for traits like efficient nutrient uptake and better response to fertilisers. This ensures that the variety can make the most of the fertilisers applied, leading to higher yields and better economic returns for farmers.
Q2. Disease-resistant crop varieties help to reduce what?
Disease-resistant crop varieties help to reduce crop loss. When crops are resistant to diseases, they are less likely to be damaged or destroyed by pathogens. This reduces the amount of crop lost to diseases, increasing overall productivity and ensuring food security.
Q3. Improving crop yields includes which of the following activities?
Improving crop yields includes crop protection management (protecting crops from pests and diseases), crop variety improvement (developing better varieties), and crop production improvement (better farming practices). All three activities work together to increase agricultural productivity and ensure food security.
Q4. Cultivation practices and crop yield are related to which factors?
Cultivation practices and crop yield are related to weather, soil quality, and water availability. All these factors determine how well crops grow. Favourable weather, good soil quality, and adequate water supply are essential for healthy plant growth and high yields.
Q5. Crop variety improvement depends on what factor?
Crop variety improvement depends on finding high-yielding varieties. Scientists search for or develop varieties that produce more grains, are resistant to diseases, respond well to fertilisers, and adapt to different environmental conditions. This is the foundation of crop improvement programs.
Q6. Varieties tolerant to which soil condition have been developed?
Varieties tolerant to high salinity have been developed. Saline soil contains high levels of salts, which can be harmful to many crops. By developing salt-tolerant varieties, farmers can cultivate crops in areas where soil salinity is a problem, increasing the area of productive agricultural land.
Q7. The third stage of farming is related to what?
The third stage of farming is related to protection from loss. This includes protecting crops from pests, diseases, weeds, and adverse weather conditions during growth, and protecting harvested crops from damage during storage and transportation. Minimising losses is essential for maximising yields and profits.
Q8. The second stage of farming involves what activity?
The second stage of farming involves nurturing of crop plants. This includes activities like irrigation, weeding, fertilisation, and protection from pests and diseases. Proper nurturing ensures healthy growth and higher yields. This stage is crucial for the success of the crop.
Q9. Varieties grown in diverse climates help farmers mainly because weather is what?
Varieties grown in diverse climates help farmers mainly because weather is unpredictable. Since farmers cannot control the weather, they need crop varieties that can perform well under different conditions—drought, flood, heat, cold, etc. Such varieties ensure stable yields despite unpredictable weather patterns.
Q10. The duration of sunlight influences what in plants?
The duration of sunlight influences the photoperiod in plants. Photoperiod refers to the length of day and night, which affects flowering and other growth processes in many plants. Some plants flower only when the day length is short (short-day plants), while others require long days (long-day plants).
Q11. Which of the following is a rabi crop?
Peas is a rabi crop. Rabi crops are grown during the winter season (November to April). Other rabi crops include wheat, gram, mustard, and barley. Soyabean, cotton, and black gram are kharif crops grown during the rainy season.
Q12. Higher yield means increasing productivity per what unit?
Higher yield means increasing productivity per acre (unit area). Since cultivable land cannot be increased indefinitely, farmers must produce more food from the same amount of land. This is the goal of crop improvement programs—to increase yield per unit area.
Q13. Crop growth depends on which of the following factors?
Crop growth depends on both temperature and photoperiod. Temperature affects the rate of metabolic processes in plants, while photoperiod (day length) affects flowering and other developmental stages. Both factors are crucial for determining when and how well crops grow.
Q14. Soil quality affects which aspect of agriculture?
Soil quality affects crop growth. Good soil provides essential nutrients, water, and support for plant roots. Poor soil quality leads to stunted growth, low yields, and increased susceptibility to pests and diseases. Soil management is therefore a key aspect of successful farming.
Q15. Crop protection management mainly aims to protect crops from what?
Crop protection management mainly aims to protect crops from loss. This includes protecting crops from pests, diseases, weeds, and adverse weather conditions, as well as minimising losses during harvesting, storage, and transportation. Effective crop protection is essential for maximising yields and ensuring food security.
Q16. Different crops require different ______ for their growth.
Different crops require different climatic conditions for their growth. For example, wheat grows best in cool climates, rice needs warm and wet conditions, and cotton requires warm temperatures. This is why different crops are grown in different seasons and regions.
Q17. The choice of seeds mainly affects which outcome?
The choice of seeds mainly affects crop yield. Good quality seeds ensure better germination, healthier plants, and higher yields. Poor quality seeds lead to low germination rates, weak plants, and reduced yields. The choice of seeds is the first and most important decision a farmer makes.
Q18. Introducing a new gene into a crop results in what?
Introducing a new gene into a crop results in genetically modified crops (GM crops). This is done through genetic engineering, where a specific gene from another organism is transferred to the crop to introduce a desired trait like pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, or improved nutritional content.
Q19. Hybridisation refers to what process?
Hybridisation refers to the process of crossing genetically dissimilar plants (or animals). This is done to combine desirable traits from different parents into a single offspring. Hybridisation can be between different varieties (intervarietal), different species (interspecific), or different genera (intergeneric).
Q20. Growth and flowering in plants depend mainly on what?
Growth and flowering in plants depend mainly on sunlight. Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis, which produces the food that plants need to grow. It also affects photoperiod, which triggers flowering in many plant species. Without adequate sunlight, plants cannot grow or flower properly.
Q21. Protection of harvested crops prevents what?
Protection of harvested crops prevents loss. After harvesting, crops must be stored properly to prevent damage from pests, fungi, moisture, and spoilage. Effective storage practices reduce post-harvest losses, ensuring that more food is available for consumption.
Q22. The kharif season extends from which months?
The kharif season extends from June to October. Kharif crops are grown during the rainy season, starting with the onset of the monsoon. These crops are sown in June-July and harvested in September-October. Examples include paddy, maize, soybean, and cotton.
Q23. Intergeneric hybridisation occurs between what?
Intergeneric hybridisation occurs between different genera (different genera of plants). This is a more distant cross than interspecific hybridisation. It is done to transfer desirable traits from one genus to another, but it is often more difficult and may result in infertile offspring.
Q24. Farming practices can be divided into how many stages?
Farming practices can be divided into three stages: (1) choice of seeds and sowing, (2) nurturing of crop plants (irrigation, weeding, fertilisation), and (3) protection of crops from pests and diseases, followed by harvesting and storage. These stages cover the entire crop production cycle.
Q25. The rabi season lasts from which months?
The rabi season lasts from November to April. Rabi crops are grown during the winter season, after the monsoon. They are sown in October-November and harvested in March-April. Examples include wheat, gram, mustard, and peas.
Q26. Sunlight is essential mainly for which plant process?
Sunlight is essential mainly for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose (food) and oxygen. Without sunlight, photosynthesis cannot occur, and plants cannot produce their own food.
Q27. For new crop varieties to be accepted, they must produce what?
For new crop varieties to be accepted, they must produce high yields under different conditions. Farmers need varieties that are reliable and can perform well across diverse environments. Varieties that are high-yielding only under ideal conditions may not be accepted by farmers.
Q28. Plants manufacture their food by which process?
Plants manufacture their food by photosynthesis. This is the process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose (food) and oxygen. Photosynthesis is the foundation of the food chain and supports all life on Earth.
Q29. Weather directly affects which agricultural factor?
Weather directly affects crop yield. Temperature, rainfall, sunlight, and wind all influence plant growth. Unfavourable weather (drought, flood, frost, heat waves) can reduce yields, while favourable weather can increase them. This is why farmers are concerned about weather patterns.
Q30. Good quality seeds should germinate under what conditions?
Good quality seeds should germinate under different conditions. They should be able to sprout and grow in a variety of soil and moisture conditions. This ensures that even if the environment is not perfect, the seeds can still establish and grow into healthy plants.
Q31. Which crop belongs to the rabi season?
Wheat belongs to the rabi season. Rabi crops are grown in winter (November to April). Wheat is the most important rabi crop in India. Green gram, soyabean, and cotton are kharif crops grown during the rainy season.
Q32. Good quality seeds should belong to what category?
Good quality seeds should belong to the same variety. They should be uniform and true to type, meaning they will produce plants with consistent characteristics like yield, height, disease resistance, and maturity time. This uniformity makes cultivation and harvesting more predictable and efficient.
Q33. Availability of water is essential for what?
Availability of water is essential for crop cultivation. Water is needed for germination, growth, and photosynthesis. Without adequate water, crops cannot survive or produce good yields. Irrigation helps ensure water availability, especially in areas with insufficient rainfall.
Q34. Which of the following is listed as a kharif crop?
Maize is listed as a kharif crop. Kharif crops are grown during the rainy season (June to October). Other kharif crops include paddy, soybean, groundnut, and cotton. Linseed, peas, and gram are rabi crops grown in winter.
Q35. Interspecific hybridisation occurs between which plants?
Interspecific hybridisation occurs between different species of the same genus. For example, crossing two different species of wheat or rice. This is done to combine desirable traits like disease resistance, high yield, or better quality from different species into a single variety.
Q36. Rabi crops are grown during which season?
Rabi crops are grown during the winter season. They are sown in autumn (October-November) and harvested in spring (March-April). The winter season provides the cooler temperatures that these crops need for optimal growth.
Q37. Which weather conditions are unpredictable?
Drought and flood are unpredictable weather conditions. They can occur unexpectedly and cause significant damage to crops. Farmers need to be prepared for such events and choose crop varieties that can tolerate these extreme conditions. This is why developing stress-tolerant varieties is important.
Q38. Intervarietal hybridisation occurs between what?
Intervarietal hybridisation occurs between different varieties of the same species. For example, crossing two different varieties of wheat or rice. This is the most common type of hybridisation used in crop improvement to combine desirable traits like high yield, disease resistance, and better quality.
Q39. Increasing productivity per acre refers to which goal?
Increasing productivity per acre refers to higher yield. This is the goal of crop improvement—to produce more food from the same amount of land. Higher productivity ensures food security and helps meet the demands of a growing population.
Q40. Crop varieties are selected by breeding for which characteristics?
Crop varieties are selected by breeding for high yields, disease resistance, and response to fertilisers. These are the key traits that determine the success of a crop variety. Varieties that combine all these characteristics are considered ideal for improving agricultural productivity.
Q41. Which of the following is a kharif crop?
Paddy (rice) is a kharif crop. Kharif crops are grown during the rainy season (June to October). Linseed, wheat, and mustard are rabi crops grown during the winter season. Paddy is the most important kharif crop in India.
Q42. Varieties grown in diverse climatic conditions are considered what?
Varieties grown in diverse climatic conditions are considered useful. Such varieties can be cultivated in different regions and under various weather conditions, providing farmers with flexibility and reducing the risk of crop failure. They contribute to food security and agricultural sustainability.
Q43. What is the first stage of farming practices?
The first stage of farming is the choice of seeds. Farmers select the best quality seeds that are suitable for their soil and climate conditions. Good quality seeds ensure better germination, higher yields, and resistance to pests and diseases.
Q44. During which season are kharif crops grown?
Kharif crops are grown during the rainy season (June to October). These crops are sown at the onset of the monsoon and harvested at the end of the monsoon season. The rainfall provides the necessary moisture for their growth.
Q45. Food grain production in India increased how many times from 1952 to 2010?
Food grain production in India increased about four times from 1952 to 2010. This was achieved through the Green Revolution, which introduced high-yielding varieties, better irrigation, and increased use of fertilisers and pesticides.
Q46. Variety improvement is done to increase what?
Variety improvement is done to increase productivity (higher yields). This is the primary goal of crop improvement—to produce more food from the same amount of land. Increased productivity helps meet the food demands of a growing population.
Q47. Flowering in plants depends on which factor?
Flowering in plants depends on sunlight (photoperiod). The duration of light and darkness triggers flowering in many plants. Some plants flower when the day length is short (short-day plants), while others require long days (long-day plants).
Q48. Farmers must be provided with what for new varieties?
Farmers must be provided with good quality seeds for new varieties. The success of new crop varieties depends on the availability of high-quality seeds to farmers. Quality seeds ensure better germination, higher yields, and resistance to pests and diseases.
Q49. Photoperiods are related to what?
Photoperiods are related to the duration of sunlight. Photoperiod refers to the length of day and night, which affects flowering and other growth processes in plants. It is an important factor in determining when and how well crops grow.
Q50. Cultivable land area increased by what percentage during this period?
Cultivable land area increased by about 25% during this period. This increase was due to bringing more land under cultivation through land reclamation, irrigation, and clearing of forests. However, since cultivable land cannot be increased indefinitely, the focus must be on increasing productivity per unit of land.