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Q1. Loss of water vapour through stomata is called:
Loss of water vapour through stomata is called transpiration. It is the process by which water is lost from the aerial parts of plants (especially leaves) in the form of water vapour. Transpiration helps in the upward movement of water and minerals, cooling the plant, and maintaining turgidity.
Q2. Tissue shown in Fig. 12.7 belongs to:
The tissue shown in Fig. 12.7 (typically xylem and phloem) belongs to complex permanent tissue. Complex tissues are made of more than one type of cells that work together to perform a common function. Xylem and phloem are examples of complex tissues involved in transport.
Q3. Wax secretion by epidermis prevents:
Wax secretion by the epidermis prevents water loss. The waxy layer (cuticle) forms a waterproof barrier on the surface of leaves and stems, reducing evaporation and protecting the plant from drying out. This is especially important in plants living in dry habitats.
Q4. Vascular tissue is a feature of:
Vascular tissue is a feature of complex plants (higher plants). It consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water, minerals, and food. Simple plants like algae and mosses lack vascular tissue. The presence of vascular tissue allowed plants to grow larger and colonise land.
Q5. Epidermal tissue cells form:
Epidermal tissue cells form a continuous layer covering the entire surface of the plant. This protective layer is usually one cell thick and provides protection against mechanical injury, water loss, and infection. It covers roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
Q6. Cells in complex tissues work together to:
Cells in complex tissues work together to perform a common function. In xylem, different cell types (tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres, xylem parenchyma) work together to transport water and minerals. In phloem, different cell types work together to transport food.
Q7. Intercellular spaces in epidermis are:
Intercellular spaces in the epidermis are generally absent. The cells are tightly packed with no spaces between them. This compact arrangement provides effective protection against mechanical injury, water loss, and entry of pathogens.
Q8. Most epidermal cells are:
Most epidermal cells are relatively flat and thin-walled. They are arranged in a single layer and are closely packed. Their flat shape allows them to form a continuous protective covering over the plant surface while still allowing light to pass through for photosynthesis.
Q9. Phloem transports:
Phloem transports food (sugars and other organic nutrients) from the leaves (where they are produced by photosynthesis) to other parts of the plant. This transport is called translocation. Phloem is a complex tissue made of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma.
Q10. Each stoma is surrounded by:
Each stoma is surrounded by two kidney-shaped cells called guard cells. These guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomatal pore. They regulate the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and the loss of water vapour (transpiration) by changing their shape.
Q11. Epidermal cells of roots bear:
Epidermal cells of roots bear root hairs. Root hairs are fine, hair-like outgrowths of epidermal cells that increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals from the soil. They are in direct contact with the soil and are essential for nutrient uptake.
Q12. Xylem and phloem together form:
Xylem and phloem together form a vascular bundle. Vascular bundles are the conducting units of plants, consisting of xylem (for water and mineral transport) and phloem (for food transport). They are arranged differently in monocots and dicots.
Q13. Complex tissues are made of:
Complex tissues are made of more than one type of cells. Xylem contains tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres, and xylem parenchyma. Phloem contains sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma. These different cells work together to perform a common function.
Q14. Suberin makes cork cells:
Suberin makes cork cells impervious to gases and water. Suberin is a waxy, waterproof substance deposited in the walls of cork cells. It prevents loss of water and entry of pathogens, making cork an effective protective tissue in older stems and roots.
Q15. Root hairs help in:
Root hairs help in water absorption. They are extensions of epidermal cells in roots that greatly increase the surface area for absorbing water and minerals from the soil. This adaptation is essential for the survival of terrestrial plants.
Q16. Components of xylem include:
Components of xylem include tracheids and vessels, along with xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma. Tracheids and vessels are the main conducting elements that transport water and minerals. They are dead at maturity with thick, lignified walls.
Q17. Examples of complex tissues are:
Examples of complex tissues are xylem and phloem. They are called complex because they are made of more than one type of cells. Simple tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma) are made of only one type of cells. Epidermis and cork are protective tissues.
Q18. Tracheids and vessels are:
Tracheids and vessels are tubular structures. They are elongated, tube-like cells that form the conducting channels of xylem. Their shape allows efficient transport of water and minerals throughout the plant. They have thick, lignified walls and are dead at maturity.
Q19. Phloem is made of:
Phloem is made of four types of cells: sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma. Since this specific option isn’t listed, the closest answer would be “three types” if referring to the main ones, but phloem actually has four cell types.
Q20. Except phloem fibres, other phloem cells are:
Except phloem fibres (which are dead), other phloem cells (sieve tubes, companion cells, and phloem parenchyma) are living. Phloem is a living tissue that transports food. Sieve tubes have living cells but lack nuclei at maturity, and companion cells help in the loading and unloading of food.
Q21. The waxy layer helps in protection against:
The waxy layer (cuticle) helps in protection against loss of water. It forms a waterproof barrier on the epidermis, reducing transpiration and preventing the plant from drying out. This is particularly important in plants growing in dry or arid environments.
Q22. Intercellular spaces in cork are:
Intercellular spaces in cork are absent. Cork cells are tightly packed with no spaces between them. The walls are thickened with suberin, making them impervious to water and gases. This compact arrangement makes cork an effective protective tissue.
Q23. Rhoeo leaf peel experiment helps to study:
The Rhoeo leaf peel experiment helps to study the epidermis. Rhoeo leaves have a thin, easily peelable epidermis with clearly visible stomata and guard cells. The experiment is used to observe the structure of epidermal cells, stomata, and chloroplasts.
Q24. Root hairs increase:
Root hairs increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals. By producing numerous fine extensions, root hairs maximise contact with soil particles, allowing the plant to absorb more water and nutrients from the soil.
Q25. Xylem transports:
Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. It is a complex tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals upward through the plant. This process is called ascent of sap. Xylem also provides mechanical support.
Q26. Walls of cork cells contain:
Walls of cork cells contain suberin. Suberin is a waxy, waterproof substance that makes cork cells impermeable to water and gases. This allows cork to act as an effective protective barrier against water loss, pathogens, and mechanical injury.
Q27. Food is transported from:
Food is transported from leaves to other parts of the plant. Leaves produce food (sugars) by photosynthesis. This food is then transported through the phloem to all parts of the plant—roots, stems, flowers, fruits, and storage organs.
Q28. Arrangement of cork cells is:
Cork cells are arranged compactly with no intercellular spaces. They are tightly packed together, forming a continuous protective layer. The compact arrangement, combined with suberin deposition, makes cork an effective barrier against water loss and pathogen entry.
Q29. In plants living in dry habitats, epidermis is:
In plants living in dry habitats (xerophytes), the epidermis is thicker. It has a thick waxy cuticle that reduces water loss. This adaptation helps the plant conserve water in arid conditions. Some xerophytes also have sunken stomata to further reduce transpiration.
Q30. The outermost layer of cells observed in the leaf peel is called:
The outermost layer of cells observed in the leaf peel is called the epidermis. It is a protective layer that covers the leaf surface. Epidermal cells are thin-walled, closely packed, and often covered with a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss.
Q31. Epidermal cells on aerial parts secrete:
Epidermal cells on aerial parts (stems, leaves, flowers) secrete a waxy layer called the cuticle. This cuticle reduces water loss by evaporation and also provides protection against pathogens and mechanical injury. It gives the plant a shiny appearance.
Q32. Desert plants have epidermis coated with:
Desert plants have an epidermis coated with cutin. Cutin is a waxy substance that forms the cuticle. It reduces water loss by making the leaf surface waterproof, helping desert plants survive in hot, dry conditions with limited water availability.
Q33. Thick waxy coating in desert plants helps to:
A thick waxy coating in desert plants helps to reduce water loss. It acts as a barrier that prevents evaporation from the plant surface. This adaptation is crucial for survival in dry habitats where water is scarce and temperatures are high.
Q34. Main function of epidermis is:
The main function of the epidermis is protection. It protects the plant from mechanical injury, water loss, and infection by pathogens. The epidermal cells are closely packed and often covered with a waxy cuticle, providing an effective protective barrier.
Q35. Function of stomata is:
The function of stomata is the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide). Stomata allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf for photosynthesis and release oxygen as a by-product. They also regulate the loss of water vapour through transpiration.
Q36. Cork is formed by:
Cork is formed by cork cambium (a lateral meristem). Cork cambium produces cork cells on its outer side and secondary cortex on its inner side. Cork replaces the epidermis in older stems and roots, providing protection against water loss, pathogens, and mechanical injury.
Q37. Cells enclosing stomata are called:
The cells enclosing stomata are called guard cells. They are two kidney-shaped cells that surround each stomatal pore. Guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomata by changing their shape in response to environmental conditions.
Q38. Sieve tubes have:
Sieve tubes have perforated walls. The end walls of sieve tube cells have sieve plates with pores (perforations) that allow the flow of food materials from one cell to another. This makes sieve tubes efficient for transporting food throughout the plant.
Q39. Sieve tubes are:
Sieve tubes are tubular structures. They are long, tube-like cells that form the conducting channels of phloem. Their tubular shape allows for the efficient transport of food (sugars) from leaves to other parts of the plant.
Q40. Xylem fibres provide:
Xylem fibres provide support. They are thick-walled, lignified cells that give mechanical strength to the plant. Xylem fibres are dead at maturity and help in maintaining the rigidity and structural integrity of the plant.
Q41. Xylem parenchyma functions in:
Xylem parenchyma functions in the storage of food. It is the only living component of xylem. Xylem parenchyma stores starch and other nutrients and also helps in the lateral transport of water and minerals.
Q42. Safranin is used to:
Safranin is used to stain tissues. It is a red dye commonly used in plant histology to stain lignified tissues (like xylem and sclerenchyma) and cell walls. Safranin makes the tissues visible under a microscope, helping in their identification and study.
Q43. Cork replaces epidermis in:
Cork replaces the epidermis in older plant parts (older stems and roots). As the plant grows, the epidermis is replaced by cork (cork cambium) in woody plants. Cork provides better protection against water loss, pathogens, and mechanical injury.
Q44. Most tracheids and vessels are:
Most tracheids and vessels are dead at maturity. They lose their protoplasm and become hollow tubes with thick, lignified walls. This dead condition allows them to function as efficient conduits for water transport without the need for energy expenditure.
Q45. Cork cells are:
Cork cells are dead at maturity. They have thick walls containing suberin, which makes them impermeable to water and gases. As dead cells, cork cells provide excellent protection without requiring metabolic energy.
Q46. Epidermis covers:
The epidermis covers the entire surface of the plant, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. It is the outermost protective layer that provides protection against water loss, mechanical injury, and infection. The epidermis is usually one cell thick.
Q47. Epidermis is usually made of:
The epidermis is usually made of a single layer of cells. This thin layer is effective for protection while still allowing light to penetrate for photosynthesis. In some plants, the epidermis may be multilayered for additional protection.
Q48. Cork cambium is located in the:
Cork cambium is located in the cortex (the region just below the epidermis). It is a lateral meristem that produces cork cells on its outer side. Cork cambium becomes active in older stems and roots, replacing the epidermis with cork.
Q49. Phloem fibres are:
Phloem fibres are dead at maturity. They are long, thick-walled cells that provide mechanical support to the phloem tissue. Unlike other phloem cells (sieve tubes and companion cells), phloem fibres are dead and have a narrow lumen.
Q50. Small pores present on leaf epidermis are called:
Small pores present on leaf epidermis are called stomata. Stomata allow the exchange of gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) between the leaf and the atmosphere. They are also involved in transpiration (loss of water vapour). Each stoma is surrounded by guard cells that control its opening and closing.