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Q1. Which of the following is used as a biofertilizer in organic farming?
Blue green algae (cyanobacteria) are used as biofertilizers in organic farming. They fix atmospheric nitrogen and enrich the soil with nitrogen. They are natural, eco-friendly, and do not harm the environment, unlike chemical fertilizers like super phosphate, potash, and urea.
Q2. Dug wells collect water from where?
Dug wells collect water from water-bearing strata (aquifers) below the ground. They are dug deep into the earth until they reach the water table. The water seeps into the well from the surrounding soil and rocks, providing a source of groundwater for irrigation.
Q3. Irrigation mainly ensures what for crops?
Irrigation mainly ensures water availability at critical stages of crop growth. Water is essential for germination, flowering, fruit setting, and grain filling. Providing water at the right times helps maximize yields and ensures that crops do not suffer from water stress during important growth phases.
Q4. Light soils are more affected by drought because they have what?
Light soils (sandy soils) are more affected by drought because they have low water retention capacity. The large particles in sandy soil allow water to drain quickly, so moisture is not held for long periods. This makes crops more vulnerable to drought stress.
Q5. Vermi-compost is prepared using what organism?
Vermi-compost is prepared using earthworms. Earthworms consume organic waste and excrete nutrient-rich castings (worm compost). This process, called vermicomposting, produces high-quality organic fertilizer that improves soil structure and fertility.
Q6. Which provides long-term benefits for soil fertility?
Manure provides long-term benefits for soil fertility. It adds organic matter to the soil, improves soil structure, increases water-holding capacity, and slowly releases nutrients over time. Unlike chemical fertilizers, manure builds soil health sustainably.
Q7. River lift systems are useful when canal flow is what?
River lift systems are useful when canal flow is insufficient or irregular. In such areas, water is lifted from rivers using pumps and distributed through canals. This ensures that irrigation water is available even when natural river flow is low or inconsistent.
Q8. These cropping systems help mainly in controlling what?
Cropping systems like mixed cropping, intercropping, and crop rotation help mainly in controlling weeds and pests. Growing different crops together or in rotation disrupts the life cycles of pests and weeds, reducing their populations naturally.
Q9. Green manure mainly enriches the soil with which nutrients?
Green manure mainly enriches the soil with nitrogen and phosphorus. When green manure crops (like sun hemp and guar) are ploughed into the soil, they decompose and release nutrients, especially nitrogen, which is essential for plant growth.
Q10. Composting is the process of decomposing what materials?
Composting is the process of decomposing farm waste materials like crop residues, vegetable waste, animal manure, and other organic matter. This decomposition produces compost, which is a rich source of organic matter and nutrients for the soil.
Q11. Fertilizers help in promoting which plant growth?
Fertilizers help in promoting vegetative growth. Nitrogen-rich fertilizers encourage the growth of leaves, stems, and branches. Phosphorus promotes root development, while potassium helps in flowering and fruiting. Together, they support overall plant development.
Q12. Continuous use of fertilizers can destroy what soil property?
Continuous use of fertilizers can destroy soil fertility. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers reduces soil organic matter, kills beneficial micro-organisms, and can cause nutrient imbalances. Over time, this leads to soil degradation and reduced productivity.
Q13. Bringing more land under irrigation helps in what?
Bringing more land under irrigation helps in increasing yield. Irrigation ensures that crops receive adequate water, even during dry periods. This leads to better growth, higher productivity, and more reliable harvests.
Q14. Green manure crops are grown at what time?
Green manure crops are grown prior to sowing the main crop seeds. They are grown during the off-season and then ploughed into the soil before the main crop is planted. This enriches the soil with organic matter and nutrients.
Q15. Which of the following is a source of irrigation water?
Rivers, canals, and wells are all sources of irrigation water. Rivers provide surface water, canals are man-made channels that distribute river water, and wells provide groundwater. Farmers use these sources depending on availability and location.
Q16. Canals usually receive water from what sources?
Canals usually receive water from rivers or reservoirs. Water is diverted from rivers or stored in reservoirs behind dams and then released into canals for irrigation. This system supplies water to large agricultural areas.
Q17. For optimum yields, what should be considered?
For optimum yields, both short-term and long-term benefits should be considered. Fertilizers provide quick nutrient boosts (short-term), while manure and organic practices improve soil health over time (long-term). A balanced approach ensures sustainable productivity.
Q18. Tube wells differ from dug wells because they tap water from where?
Tube wells differ from dug wells because they tap water from deeper strata. Tube wells are narrow, deep boreholes that pump water from deeper aquifers, while dug wells are shallow and collect water from near the surface. Tube wells can access water even when the water table is low.
Q19. Green manure crops are mulched by which method?
Green manure crops are mulched by ploughing them into the soil. The green plants are turned into the soil while still green, where they decompose and add organic matter and nutrients. This improves soil structure and fertility.
Q20. River lift systems depend on what factor?
River lift systems depend on reservoir release. Water is stored in reservoirs behind dams and released when needed. Lift systems then pump this water for irrigation in areas where canal flow is insufficient or irregular.
Q21. The main role of earthworms in vermi-composting is to do what?
The main role of earthworms in vermi-composting is to hasten decomposition. Earthworms consume organic matter and break it down quickly through their digestive processes. Their castings are rich in nutrients and beneficial micro-organisms.
Q22. Neem leaves and turmeric are used as what in organic farming?
Neem leaves and turmeric are used as bio-pesticides in organic farming. They have natural insecticidal and antifungal properties that help control pests and diseases without harming the environment. Neem oil and turmeric powder are common organic pest control agents.
Q23. Vegetative growth includes which plant parts?
Vegetative growth includes leaves, branches, and flowers. It refers to the growth of plant parts other than reproductive organs (seeds and fruits). Vegetative growth is essential for photosynthesis and overall plant development.
Q24. Lift irrigation is considered more rational in which areas?
Lift irrigation is considered more rational in areas where canal supply is inadequate. In such regions, water is lifted from rivers, reservoirs, or groundwater using pumps. This ensures that irrigation is possible even when natural water flow is insufficient.
Q25. Which of the following materials is used in composting?
Vegetable waste, sewage waste, and livestock excreta are all used in composting. These organic materials decompose to form compost, which enriches the soil with nutrients and organic matter.
Q26. Compost is rich in which components?
Compost is rich in organic matter and nutrients. It contains decomposed plant and animal materials that provide nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other essential elements. Compost improves soil structure and fertility.
Q27. Excessive irrigation can cause fertilizers to do what?
Excessive irrigation can cause fertilizers to get washed away. This is called leaching, where water carries nutrients deep into the soil beyond the reach of plant roots. This wastes fertilizers and can pollute groundwater.
Q28. Poor monsoons lead to what problem?
Poor monsoons lead to crop failure. Most agriculture in India is rain-fed, so inadequate rainfall during the monsoon season results in drought conditions, causing crops to wilt and die. This leads to reduced yields and food shortages.
Q29. Most agriculture in India is what type?
Most agriculture in India is rain-fed, meaning it depends on monsoon rainfall. About 60-70% of cultivated land in India relies on rainfall for irrigation. This makes Indian agriculture vulnerable to monsoon variability and drought.
Q30. Which plants are commonly used for green manure?
Sun hemp and guar are commonly used as green manure crops. They are fast-growing legumes that fix nitrogen in the soil. When ploughed into the soil, they add organic matter and nutrients, improving soil fertility.
Q31. Organic farming mainly uses what inputs?
Organic farming mainly uses organic manures and recycled farm waste as inputs. It avoids synthetic chemicals and relies on natural methods like composting, green manure, crop rotation, and biological pest control to maintain soil health and productivity.
Q32. Fertilizers should be applied carefully with respect to what factors?
Fertilizers should be applied carefully with respect to proper utilisation, dose and time, and pre- and post-application precautions. Correct application ensures that plants get the nutrients they need without wasting fertilizers or harming the environment.
Q33. Composting is usually carried out where?
Composting is usually carried out in pits. Organic waste materials are placed in pits or heaps where they decompose naturally. The decomposition process is accelerated by turning the pile regularly and maintaining proper moisture and aeration.
Q34. Fertilizers are what type of plant nutrients?
Fertilizers are commercially produced plant nutrients. They are manufactured chemically to provide specific nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) in concentrated forms. They are not naturally occurring like manure but are synthesized in factories.
Q35. Mixed cropping, inter-cropping and crop rotation are examples of what?
Mixed cropping, intercropping, and crop rotation are examples of cropping systems. These are practices that involve growing different crops in specific patterns to improve soil health, control pests, and maximize yields.
Q36. Drought occurs due to what reason?
Drought occurs due to scarcity or irregular rainfall. When there is insufficient rainfall or when it is poorly distributed, crops suffer from water stress, leading to reduced yields or complete crop failure.
Q37. Short-term benefits in crop yield are mainly provided by what?
Short-term benefits in crop yield are mainly provided by fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers provide nutrients in readily available forms, giving a quick boost to plant growth and yield. However, they do not improve soil structure in the long term.
Q38. Drought mainly threatens which farming areas?
Drought mainly threatens rain-fed areas. Since rain-fed agriculture depends entirely on rainfall, any shortage or irregularity in monsoon rains leads to drought, affecting crop growth and causing losses for farmers.
Q39. The main canal is divided into what for irrigation?
The main canal is divided into branch canals and distributaries for irrigation. These smaller channels distribute water from the main canal to different fields, ensuring that water reaches all parts of the agricultural area.
Q40. Water from wells is lifted for irrigation using what?
Water from wells is lifted for irrigation using pumps. Electric or diesel pumps draw water from the well and deliver it to the fields through pipes. This is more efficient than traditional methods like using buckets or animal power.
Q41. Scientists have developed crop varieties tolerant to what condition?
Scientists have developed crop varieties tolerant to drought. These varieties can survive with less water and are resistant to water stress. They are especially useful in rain-fed areas where drought is common.
Q42. Excess fertilizer washed into water bodies causes what problem?
Excess fertilizer washed into water bodies causes water pollution. The nutrients (especially nitrogen and phosphorus) cause algal blooms, which deplete oxygen in the water and harm aquatic life. This process is called eutrophication.
Q43. Supplying water at the right stages of crop growth helps to do what?
Supplying water at the right stages of crop growth helps to increase expected yields. Water is critical during germination, flowering, and grain filling. Proper irrigation at these stages ensures healthy growth and maximizes crop productivity.
Q44. Fertilizers harm which beneficial component of soil?
Fertilizers harm beneficial soil micro-organisms. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers can kill or reduce populations of bacteria, fungi, and other micro-organisms that are essential for nutrient cycling and soil health.
Q45. Organic farming uses chemicals to what extent?
Organic farming uses chemicals to a minimal or no extent. It avoids synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. Instead, it relies on natural inputs like compost, manure, green manure, and biological pest control.
Q46. Fertilizers are mainly associated with which type of farming?
Fertilizers are mainly associated with high-cost farming. They are expensive and require investment. Farmers who can afford fertilizers often use them to achieve higher yields, but this also increases the cost of production.
Q47. Organic matter in soil is replenished mainly by what?
Organic matter in soil is replenished mainly by manure. Manure adds decomposed plant and animal materials to the soil, increasing organic content. This improves soil structure, fertility, and water-holding capacity.
Q48. Irrigation systems in India depend mainly on what factor?
Irrigation systems in India depend mainly on available water resources. The choice of irrigation method (canals, wells, tube wells, river lift systems) depends on the availability of surface water or groundwater in the region.
Q49. Rain-fed agriculture depends mainly on what?
Rain-fed agriculture depends mainly on timely monsoons. The success of crops depends on when the monsoon arrives, how much rain falls, and how it is distributed throughout the growing season. Delayed or poor monsoons lead to crop failure.
Q50. Fertilizers mainly supply which nutrients?
Fertilizers mainly supply nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). These are the three primary macro-nutrients essential for plant growth. Nitrogen promotes leaf growth, phosphorus supports root and flower development, and potassium improves overall plant health and disease resistance.