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Q1. Protein quality is especially important in which crops?
Protein quality is especially important in pulses. Pulses are the primary source of plant-based protein in the Indian diet. The quality of protein depends on the types and proportions of amino acids present. Improving protein quality in pulses helps combat malnutrition, especially among vegetarians.
Q2. One adaptable variety can be grown in how many areas?
One adaptable variety can be grown in different areas. Wider adaptability means a single variety can perform well across various climatic and soil conditions. This is beneficial because it reduces the need for region-specific varieties and allows farmers to use the same variety in different locations.
Q3. Manure contains large quantities of what?
Manure contains large quantities of organic matter. It is made from decomposed plant and animal waste, which adds organic material to the soil. This organic matter improves soil structure, increases water-holding capacity, and provides nutrients to plants as it decomposes.
Q4. Which agronomic trait is desired in cereals?
Dwarfness is a desired agronomic trait in cereals. Dwarf varieties have shorter stems, which prevents lodging (falling over) and allows them to support heavier grain heads. This results in higher yields and better response to fertilizers. Dwarf varieties were key to the success of the Green Revolution.
Q5. Improved quality in crops depends on what factor?
Improved quality in crops depends on the crop type. Different crops have different quality parameters—protein quality in pulses, oil quality in oilseeds, baking quality in wheat, and preserving quality in fruits and vegetables. Improvement strategies are therefore crop-specific.
Q6. Nutrients are supplied to plants by which sources?
Nutrients are supplied to plants by air, water, and soil. Plants obtain carbon and oxygen from air (CO₂), hydrogen and oxygen from water, and other essential elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc.) from soil. All three sources are essential for plant growth.
Q7. Desired agronomic characters help in achieving what?
Desired agronomic characters help in achieving higher productivity. Traits like dwarfness, disease resistance, response to fertilizers, and uniform maturity are selected to increase crop yields. These characteristics make the crop more efficient and productive.
Q8. Profuse branching is desirable in which crops?
Profuse branching is desirable in fodder crops. In fodder crops like berseem and lucerne, more branches mean more leafy material, which is more nutritious for livestock. This increases the biomass yield of fodder, providing more feed for animals.
Q9. Farming in India ranges between what sizes?
Farming in India ranges between small to very large farms. There is great diversity in farm sizes—from small and marginal farms (less than 2 hectares) to large farms. This variation affects the resources available to farmers and their farming practices.
Q10. In clayey soils, manure helps in improving what?
In clayey soils, manure helps in improving drainage. Clayey soils have small particles that pack tightly, leading to poor drainage and waterlogging. Adding organic matter (manure) improves soil structure, creating spaces for water to drain through, reducing waterlogging.
Q11. Dwarf cereals consume fewer what?
Dwarf cereals consume fewer nutrients. Because they have shorter stems, they require less energy and nutrients for stem growth. This allows more nutrients to be directed towards grain production, resulting in higher yields and better nutrient use efficiency.
Q12. Oil quality is an important consideration in which crops?
Oil quality is an important consideration in oilseeds. The quality of oil (its fatty acid composition, purity, and nutritional value) determines its uses—cooking, industrial applications, or as a health supplement. Improving oil quality increases the economic value of oilseed crops.
Q13. Uniform maturity reduces losses during what stage?
Uniform maturity reduces losses during harvesting. When all plants in a field mature at the same time, the entire crop can be harvested at once. This reduces labour costs and prevents losses from over-ripening or shattering (grain falling off), making harvesting more efficient.
Q14. Plants require nutrients mainly for what?
Plants require nutrients mainly for growth. Nutrients are essential for all physiological processes—cell division, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and overall development. Without adequate nutrients, plants cannot grow properly, leading to stunted growth and reduced yields.
Q15. In sandy soils, manure helps in increasing what?
In sandy soils, manure helps in increasing water holding capacity. Sandy soils have large particles that drain water quickly, leading to poor water retention. Adding organic matter (manure) helps retain moisture, making water available to plants for longer periods.
Q16. Access to which factors varies among farmers?
Access to land, money, information, and technology varies among farmers. These differences determine the farming practices they can adopt. Farmers with better resources can invest in improved seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, and modern equipment, leading to higher productivity.
Q17. Organic matter in manure improves what aspect of soil?
Organic matter in manure improves soil structure. It binds soil particles together, creating aggregates that improve aeration, water infiltration, and root penetration. Good soil structure is essential for healthy plant growth and high yields.
Q18. Manure is classified based on what factor?
Manure is classified based on the kind of biological material used—farmyard manure, compost, green manure, or vermicompost. Each type is made from different organic materials and has different nutrient compositions and benefits for the soil.
Q19. Wider adaptability allows a variety to be grown where?
Wider adaptability allows a variety to be grown under different climatic conditions. Such varieties can tolerate variations in temperature, rainfall, and day length. This is beneficial because it reduces the risk of crop failure due to unpredictable weather.
Q20. Soil can be enriched to increase yield by using what?
Soil can be enriched to increase yield by using manure and fertilizers. Both add essential nutrients to the soil, promoting better plant growth and higher yields. Manure improves soil structure and provides organic matter, while fertilizers supply specific nutrients in concentrated form.
Q21. Which of the following is a biotic stress?
Insects are a biotic stress. Biotic stresses are caused by living organisms like insects, diseases (pathogens), nematodes, and weeds. Abiotic stresses are caused by non-living factors like drought, salinity, frost, and heat.
Q22. Which of the following is an example of biotic stress?
Diseases are an example of biotic stress. Biotic stresses are caused by living organisms—pathogens like fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. These organisms infect plants and cause diseases, reducing yields and quality.
Q23. Using manure helps in protecting the environment by reducing what?
Using manure helps in protecting the environment by reducing the excessive use of chemical fertilizers. Overuse of chemical fertilizers can cause soil degradation, water pollution, and harm to beneficial organisms. Manure provides nutrients naturally and reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers.
Q24. Which of the following is an abiotic stress?
Heat is an abiotic stress. Abiotic stresses are caused by non-living environmental factors like temperature extremes (heat, frost), water extremes (drought, waterlogging), and soil conditions (salinity, nutrient deficiency). Biotic stresses are caused by living organisms.
Q25. Short duration crops reduce which factor?
Short duration crops reduce the cost of production. They require less time, water, labour, and other inputs compared to long-duration crops. This makes them more economical for farmers and allows them to grow multiple crops in a year, increasing their income.
Q26. Shorter crop duration makes a variety more what?
Shorter crop duration makes a variety more economical. A shorter growing season means less investment in water, labour, and other inputs. It also allows farmers to grow more than one crop per year on the same land, increasing overall productivity and profitability.
Q27. Differences in farming practices depend mainly on what?
Differences in farming practices depend mainly on financial conditions. Farmers with more money can afford better inputs (seeds, fertilizers, machinery, irrigation), while those with limited resources may rely on traditional methods. Financial capacity determines the level of technology and inputs used.
Q28. Nutrients required in large quantities are called what?
Nutrients required in large quantities are called macro-nutrients. These include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulphur (S). Plants need these in larger amounts for growth and development. Micro-nutrients are needed in smaller quantities.
Q29. Hydrogen required by plants comes from what?
Hydrogen required by plants comes from water (H₂O). Plants absorb water through their roots, and hydrogen is used in photosynthesis and other metabolic processes. Water also provides oxygen to plants, while carbon dioxide from air provides carbon.
Q30. Uniform maturity helps in which activity?
Uniform maturity helps in harvesting. When all plants mature at the same time, the entire crop can be harvested together. This reduces labour costs, prevents losses from over-ripening, and makes the harvesting process more efficient.
Q31. Wider adaptability of crop varieties helps in what?
Wider adaptability of crop varieties helps in stabilising crop production. Adaptable varieties can perform well under different climatic and soil conditions, reducing the risk of crop failure due to unpredictable weather. This leads to more stable yields year after year.
Q32. Deficiency of nutrients affects which plant processes?
Deficiency of nutrients affects disease resistance, physiological processes, and reproduction and growth. Nutrients are essential for all aspects of plant health—strengthening plants against diseases, carrying out metabolic functions, and supporting growth and reproduction.
Q33. Higher inputs are correlated with what?
Higher inputs are correlated with higher yields. Using better seeds, more fertilizers, irrigation, and crop protection measures generally leads to increased productivity. However, inputs must be used judiciously to avoid environmental damage and ensure profitability.
Q34. Manure supplies nutrients to soil in what quantity?
Manure supplies nutrients to soil in small quantities. It provides nutrients slowly as organic matter decomposes. While manure improves soil structure and fertility over time, its nutrient content is lower and less concentrated than that of chemical fertilizers.
Q35. Production practices depend on which factor?
Production practices depend on financial capacity. A farmer’s ability to purchase inputs like improved seeds, fertilizers, irrigation equipment, and machinery determines the level of technology they can use. Wealthier farmers can adopt more modern, productive practices.
Q36. Which is NOT a level of production practice?
No cost is NOT a level of production practice. All farming practices involve some cost—for seeds, labour, water, fertilizers, or other inputs. The levels are typically low cost, medium cost, and high cost, depending on the amount of investment.
Q37. Improvement in soil structure mainly benefits which process?
Improvement in soil structure mainly benefits water management. Good soil structure allows water to infiltrate properly, reduces runoff, and improves water retention. This ensures that plants have adequate water for growth and prevents waterlogging or drought stress.
Q38. Which agronomic characteristic is desirable for fodder crops?
Tallness is a desirable agronomic characteristic for fodder crops. Fodder crops like maize and sorghum are grown for their green biomass (leaves and stems). Taller plants produce more biomass, providing more feed for livestock.
Q39. Crop production can decrease due to which factors?
Crop production can decrease due to both biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors include pests, diseases, and weeds. Abiotic factors include drought, flood, heat, frost, salinity, and nutrient deficiency. Both types of stresses can significantly reduce yields.
Q40. Manure helps in increasing what property of soil?
Manure helps in increasing soil fertility. It adds organic matter and nutrients to the soil, improving its ability to support plant growth. Over time, regular use of manure builds up soil fertility, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers.
Q41. Short duration crops allow farmers to do what?
Short duration crops allow farmers to grow multiple crops in a year. With shorter growing seasons, farmers can fit two or even three crops on the same land in one year. This increases overall productivity and farm income.
Q42. Varieties resistant to stresses help in what?
Varieties resistant to stresses help in improving crop production. Stress-resistant varieties can survive adverse conditions like drought, salinity, or pest attacks, ensuring more stable and reliable yields. This contributes to food security and reduces crop losses.
Q43. How many nutrients are supplied by soil to plants?
Thirteen nutrients are supplied by soil to plants. These include six macro-nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur) and seven micro-nutrients (iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine). Plants also get carbon and oxygen from air and hydrogen from water.
Q44. Which quality is important in wheat?
Baking quality is important in wheat. Wheat flour is used for making bread, chapatis, and other baked goods. The gluten content and composition determine the baking quality—good quality wheat produces soft, fluffy bread and pliable chapatis. Protein quality is important in pulses, and oil quality in oilseeds.
Q45. Which elements are supplied by air?
Carbon and oxygen are supplied by air (as CO₂ and O₂). Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air for photosynthesis and oxygen for respiration. Nitrogen is also available from air but only through nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hydrogen comes from water.
Q46. Using biological waste material is an example of what?
Using biological waste material is an example of recycling farm waste. This includes converting crop residues, animal manure, and other organic wastes into compost or manure. Recycling nutrients reduces waste, improves soil fertility, and promotes sustainable agriculture.
Q47. Farmer’s purchasing capacity decides what?
A farmer’s purchasing capacity decides the cropping system. Farmers with more financial resources can invest in better inputs, irrigation, and multiple cropping, while those with limited resources may follow simpler, less intensive cropping systems. Financial capacity determines the level of agricultural intensification.
Q48. Nutrients needed in small quantities are known as what?
Nutrients needed in small quantities are known as micro-nutrients. These include iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, and chlorine. Although needed in small amounts, they are essential for plant health and play critical roles in various physiological processes.
Q49. Preserving quality is important in which crops?
Preserving quality is important in fruits and vegetables. These crops are perishable and have a short shelf life. Preserving quality involves maintaining freshness, colour, texture, and nutritional value during storage, transport, and marketing to reduce post-harvest losses.
Q50. Manure is prepared by decomposition of what materials?
Manure is prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste. Materials like cow dung, crop residues, vegetable waste, and other organic matter are decomposed by microorganisms to form manure. This natural process recycles nutrients and improves soil fertility.