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Q1. Birth of the baby occurs due to:
Childbirth (parturition) is triggered by rhythmic, strong contractions of the uterine muscles. These contractions dilate the cervix and push the baby out through the birth canal. The placenta detaches and is delivered after the baby (afterbirth). Embryo growth and hormonal changes initiate labour, but the direct cause of birth is uterine contractions.
Q2. The long tail of sperms helps them to:
The sperm’s tail (flagellum) beats in a whip-like motion, providing motility that allows the sperm to swim through the female reproductive tract and reach the egg for fertilisation. The tail does not store energy (mitochondria in the midpiece do), does not aid division, and does not protect DNA (the head protects DNA).
Q3. The developing embryo is connected to mother through:
The placenta is a temporary organ that connects the developing embryo/foetus to the mother’s uterine wall. It allows nutrient, gas (oxygen/carbon dioxide), and waste exchange between mother and foetus via the umbilical cord. The cervix is the uterine opening; ovaries produce eggs; oviducts (fallopian tubes) transport eggs.
Q4. If the egg is not fertilised, it survives for about:
After ovulation (release of an egg from the ovary), the egg survives for approximately 24 hours (one day) in the female reproductive tract. If not fertilised by a sperm within this time, it degenerates and is absorbed or shed. This is why timing is critical for conception.
Q5. Usually, how many eggs are released in a month?
In a typical human menstrual cycle, one egg (ovum) is released from one ovary during ovulation. Occasionally, two eggs may be released (leading to fraternal twins), but the normal monthly event is the release of a single egg. “Many” is incorrect; four and two are not typical.
Q6. The zygote gets implanted in the lining of the:
After fertilisation, the zygote divides to form a blastocyst, which travels down the oviduct and implants into the thickened, vascularised lining (endometrium) of the uterus. Implantation does not occur in the cervix, oviduct (ectopic pregnancy if it does), or ovary.
Q7. Development of the child inside the mother takes about:
The human gestation period (pregnancy) lasts approximately 40 weeks from the last menstrual period, which is about 9 calendar months (or roughly 280 days). Babies born before 37 weeks are premature; those born after 42 weeks are post-term. Six, seven, or twelve months are incorrect.
Q8. Reproductive health involves:
Reproductive health, as defined by WHO, includes physical, mental, and social well-being related to reproduction. A key component is responsible behaviour—making informed choices about sexual activity, contraception, disease prevention, and family planning. It is not limited to mental or physical health only, nor is it about growth control alone.
Q9. Menstruation occurs roughly every:
The menstrual cycle averages about 28 days, which is roughly once per month (though cycles can range from 21 to 35 days). Menstruation is the shedding of the uterine lining when pregnancy does not occur. A fortnight is 14 days (too short); a week is 7 days (too short); a year is far too long.
Q10. Sperms enter the female body through the:
During sexual intercourse, semen containing sperms is deposited into the vaginal passage (vagina). From there, sperms swim through the cervix, then the uterus, and finally into the oviducts where fertilisation occurs. The vaginal passage is the point of entry; the cervix, uterus, and oviducts are internal structures reached after entry.
Q11. Thickening of uterine lining is associated with:
After menstruation, under the influence of estrogen, the uterine lining (endometrium) thickens and becomes richly supplied with blood vessels. This prepares the uterus to receive and nourish a fertilised egg (embryo). If fertilisation does not occur, this lining is shed as menstruation. Thickening is for pregnancy preparation, not directly for ovulation, menstruation (which is shedding), or birth.
Q12. Eggs are produced in the:
The ovaries are the female gonads. They produce eggs (ova) through a process called oogenesis. The fallopian tubes (oviducts) transport eggs; the uterus is where the embryo develops; the vagina is the birth canal. Egg production occurs only in the ovaries.
Q13. The discharge of uterine lining as blood and mucus is called:
Menstruation (the menstrual period) is the monthly shedding of the endometrial lining of the uterus when fertilisation has not occurred. It consists of blood, mucus, and tissue fragments. Fertilisation is gamete fusion; implantation is embryo attachment; ovulation is egg release.
Q14. Menstruation indicates:
Menstruation occurs when the released egg is not fertilised by a sperm. The corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone levels drop, and the thickened uterine lining is shed. If fertilisation and implantation occur, menstruation stops (pregnancy). Thus, menstruation indicates that pregnancy has not occurred in that cycle.
Q15. Oxygen and glucose pass to the embryo from the mother through:
The placenta contains finger-like projections called chorionic villi that extend into the uterine wall. These villi increase the surface area for exchange of oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients from the mother’s blood to the embryo’s blood, and waste products from embryo to mother. Nerves, skin, and muscles are not involved in this nutrient exchange.
Q16. The uterus is best described as:
The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped, muscular organ that is highly elastic. It can expand enormously during pregnancy to accommodate the growing foetus and then contract to deliver the baby. It is not a gland (though it has glands in its lining), not hard (muscular and flexible), and not a rigid tube.
Q17. Overpopulation is considered:
Overpopulation—when the number of individuals exceeds the carrying capacity of the environment—leads to resource depletion, environmental degradation, poverty, and strain on healthcare, education, and food supplies. It is a serious global concern, not unimportant, temporary (it can persist), or always beneficial.
Q18. Unsafe sexual practices can lead to:
Unsafe sexual practices (unprotected sex, multiple partners without precautions) significantly increase the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as HIV/AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, and HPV. They do not lead to faster growth, better immunity, or no effects.