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Q1. Lysosomes are:
Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs filled with digestive enzymes. They are found in eukaryotic cells and are responsible for breaking down waste materials, foreign particles, and worn-out cell organelles. They are often called the “waste disposal system” of the cell.
Q2. The two types of ER are:
The two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are rough ER (RER) and smooth ER (SER). Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface, giving it a rough appearance. Smooth ER does not have ribosomes and appears smooth. Both types are involved in different cellular functions.
Q3. Lysosomes digest their own cell when:
Lysosomes digest their own cell when the cell gets damaged or becomes old. The lysosomes burst and release digestive enzymes that break down the entire cell. This is why lysosomes are called “suicide bags” of the cell.
Q4. ER looks like:
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) looks like a network of long tubules or vesicles. It is a system of membrane-bound channels that extend throughout the cytoplasm. The ER is involved in the synthesis, transport, and storage of materials within the cell.
Q5. Golgi apparatus consists of:
The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae. These sacs are stacked together like a pile of plates. The Golgi apparatus is involved in the storage, modification, and packaging of materials produced by the cell.
Q6. Rough ER appears rough due to presence of:
Rough ER appears rough because of the presence of ribosomes attached to its surface. These ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. The rough ER is therefore involved in the production and transport of proteins. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and appears smooth.
Q7. Golgi apparatus can form:
The Golgi apparatus can form complex sugars from simple sugars. It is involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates and the modification of proteins and lipids. It packages these products into vesicles for transport to their destinations.
Q8. Golgi apparatus is involved in formation of:
The Golgi apparatus is involved in the formation of lysosomes. The digestive enzymes produced by the rough ER are modified and packaged by the Golgi apparatus to form lysosomes. This is why the Golgi apparatus is sometimes called the “post office” of the cell.
Q9. Membrane-bound organelles are a feature of:
Membrane-bound organelles are a feature of eukaryotic cells. These organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles. Viruses are not cells and do not have organelles.
Q10. ATP is known as the:
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is known as the energy currency of the cell. It stores and transfers energy for various cellular processes like muscle contraction, active transport, and biosynthesis. Energy is released from ATP when it is broken down into ADP and phosphate.
Q11. Inner membrane folds increase surface area for:
The inner membrane folds (cristae) of mitochondria increase the surface area for ATP-generating reactions. The large surface area allows more enzymes to be embedded in the membrane, which increases the efficiency of ATP production during cellular respiration.
Q12. One function of Golgi apparatus is:
One function of the Golgi apparatus is the storage, modification, and packaging of materials produced by the cell. It modifies proteins and lipids, packages them into vesicles, and sends them to their final destinations within or outside the cell.
Q13. Golgi membranes often have connections with:
Golgi membranes often have connections with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This allows the ER to transport materials (like proteins and lipids) to the Golgi apparatus for further modification and packaging. The two organelles work closely together.
Q14. Some cell organelles are visible only with:
Some cell organelles are visible only with an electron microscope. Organelles like ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus are too small to be seen clearly with a light microscope. The electron microscope provides much higher magnification and resolution.
Q15. Digestive enzymes of lysosomes are made by:
The digestive enzymes of lysosomes are made by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). These enzymes are synthesized by ribosomes on the RER. They are then transported to the Golgi apparatus, where they are modified and packaged into lysosomes.
Q16. ER also provides:
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) also provides a cytoplasmic framework. It forms a network of membrane-bound channels that gives structure and support to the cytoplasm. This framework helps in the transport of materials within the cell.
Q17. The outer mitochondrial membrane is:
The outer mitochondrial membrane is smooth and porous. It allows small molecules and ions to pass through easily. The inner membrane is folded (cristae) and is much less permeable, controlling the transport of molecules involved in ATP production.
Q18. Material synthesised near ER is:
Material synthesised near the ER (like proteins and lipids) is packaged and dispatched by the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi modifies these materials, packages them into vesicles, and sends them to their final destinations within or outside the cell.
Q19. Lysosomes digest:
Lysosomes digest foreign material and worn-out organelles. They contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, bacteria, and old cell parts. This process helps keep the cell clean and healthy, which is why lysosomes are called the “waste disposal system” of the cell.
Q20. Lysosomes are also called:
Lysosomes are also called “suicide bags” because they can digest their own cell when it gets damaged or becomes old. The lysosomes burst and release their digestive enzymes, breaking down the entire cell. This self-destruction is a form of programmed cell death.
Q21. Mitochondria have their own:
Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes. This allows them to make some of their own proteins and replicate independently within the cell. This supports the theory that mitochondria were once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells (endosymbiotic theory).
Q22. Every cell has a membrane around it to:
Every cell has a membrane around it (plasma membrane) to keep its contents separate from the external environment. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing only certain substances to enter or leave the cell. This maintains the internal environment needed for cellular functions.
Q23. Ribosomes are the sites of:
Ribosomes are the sites of protein manufacture (protein synthesis). They are composed of RNA and proteins. Ribosomes read the genetic information from mRNA and assemble amino acids into proteins. This process is essential for cell growth and function.
Q24. One function of ER is transport of materials between:
One function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the transport of materials between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The ER is connected to the nuclear membrane, allowing the movement of molecules between the nucleus and the rest of the cell. It also transports materials to the Golgi apparatus and other organelles.
Q25. Which organelle packages and dispatches materials?
The Golgi apparatus packages and dispatches materials. It modifies proteins and lipids produced by the ER, packages them into vesicles, and sends them to their final destinations within or outside the cell. It is often called the “post office” of the cell.
Q26. SER plays a crucial role in detoxification in:
Smooth ER (SER) plays a crucial role in detoxification in liver cells. The liver is responsible for detoxifying drugs, alcohol, and other harmful substances. SER contains enzymes that metabolize these substances, making them less toxic and easier to excrete.
Q27. Mitochondria have how many membranes?
Mitochondria have two membranes—an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The outer membrane is smooth and porous, while the inner membrane is folded into structures called cristae. The space between the two membranes is called the intermembrane space.
Q28. Stacks of Golgi sacs are called:
Stacks of Golgi sacs are called cisternae (singular: cisterna). These are flattened, membrane-bound sacs arranged in stacks. Each stack of cisternae works together to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids produced by the cell.
Q29. Energy stored in ATP is used for:
Energy stored in ATP is used for making new compounds and mechanical work. ATP provides energy for biosynthesis (making new molecules), muscle contraction, active transport, and other cellular activities. It is the primary energy carrier in cells.
Q30. Which organelle is responsible for cellular energy production?
Mitochondria are responsible for cellular energy production. They are the sites of aerobic respiration, where glucose is broken down to release energy in the form of ATP. This is why mitochondria are called the “powerhouse” of the cell.
Q31. Proteins manufactured by ribosomes are transported using:
Proteins manufactured by ribosomes are transported using the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Rough ER is directly involved in the transport of newly synthesized proteins. These proteins are then sent to the Golgi apparatus for further modification and packaging.
Q32. ATP stands for:
ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate. It is the energy currency of the cell. ATP is composed of adenine, ribose (a sugar), and three phosphate groups. The bonds between the phosphate groups store energy, which is released when ATP is broken down to ADP and phosphate.
Q33. The inner mitochondrial membrane is:
The inner mitochondrial membrane is deeply folded into structures called cristae. These folds increase the surface area of the inner membrane, providing more space for the enzymes and proteins involved in ATP production. This increases the efficiency of cellular respiration.
Q34. Which organelle helps in detoxification of drugs?
Smooth ER (SER) helps in the detoxification of drugs and other harmful substances. Liver cells, which are rich in SER, are responsible for breaking down drugs, alcohol, and toxins. SER contains enzymes that metabolize these substances, making them less harmful.
Q35. Mitochondria are known as:
Mitochondria are known as the “powerhouse of the cell” because they produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. The energy released from glucose and other nutrients is used to generate ATP, which powers various cellular activities.
Q36. How many types of ER are there?
There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)—rough ER (RER) and smooth ER (SER). Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface and is involved in protein synthesis. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.
Q37. Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of:
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membrane-bound tubes and sheets. It extends throughout the cytoplasm and is continuous with the nuclear membrane. The ER provides a pathway for the transport of materials within the cell.
Q38. Smooth ER helps in the manufacture of:
Smooth ER (SER) helps in the manufacture of fat molecules (lipids). It is involved in lipid synthesis, including phospholipids and steroids. SER also plays a role in detoxification and calcium storage. Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis.
Q39. Because of their own DNA and ribosomes, mitochondria can:
Because of their own DNA and ribosomes, mitochondria can make some of their own proteins. This allows mitochondria to produce some of the proteins they need for their own function, rather than relying entirely on the cell’s main protein synthesis machinery.
Q40. Some proteins and lipids function as:
Some proteins and lipids function as enzymes and hormones. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions, while hormones (some of which are proteins or lipids) regulate various bodily functions. These molecules are essential for maintaining life processes.
Q41. Cell organelles are important because they:
Cell organelles are important because they carry out crucial functions that keep the cell alive and functioning. Each organelle has a specific role—mitochondria produce energy, ribosomes make proteins, lysosomes digest waste, and the nucleus controls activities. Without organelles, the cell could not survive.
Q42. Ribosomes are present in:
Ribosomes are present in all active cells. They are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis and are essential for cell growth and function. They are not membrane-bound and are found in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER.
Q43. Lysosomes are filled with:
Lysosomes are filled with digestive enzymes. These enzymes are capable of breaking down proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Lysosomes use these enzymes to digest foreign particles, bacteria, and worn-out cell organelles.
Q44. The process of forming cell membrane using proteins and lipids is called:
The process of forming the cell membrane using proteins and lipids is called membrane biogenesis. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids, which are then assembled into cell membranes. This process is essential for cell growth and division.
Q45. Lysosomes act as the cell’s:
Lysosomes act as the cell’s waste disposal system. They contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, foreign particles, and worn-out organelles. This keeps the cell clean and healthy. When the cell is damaged, lysosomes can also digest the entire cell, acting as “suicide bags.”
Q46. Energy is released by mitochondria in the form of:
Energy is released by mitochondria in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down, and the energy released is used to synthesize ATP. ATP then provides energy for various cellular activities like muscle contraction, active transport, and biosynthesis.
Q47. Golgi apparatus was first described by:
The Golgi apparatus was first described by the Italian scientist Camillo Golgi in 1898. He discovered this organelle while studying the nervous system. The organelle was named after him in recognition of his work.
Q48. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cell organelle in the text?
Q49. ER membrane is similar in structure to:
The ER membrane is similar in structure to the plasma membrane. Both are composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear membrane and extends throughout the cytoplasm, forming a network of channels.
Q50. Lysosomes break complex substances into:
Lysosomes break complex substances into simpler substances. The digestive enzymes in lysosomes break down proteins into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, lipids into fatty acids, and nucleic acids into nucleotides. These simpler substances can be recycled by the cell for various functions.