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Q1. HIV transmission from mother to child can occur
HIV can be transmitted from mother to child at three different stages: before birth (through the placenta during pregnancy), during birth (through contact with infected blood and fluids), and shortly after birth (through breastfeeding). This is why pregnant women with HIV are given special care to reduce the risk of transmission.
Q2. Precautions are needed while using
Precautions are needed while using all of these medical services because they involve exposure to blood and body fluids. Dialysis, endoscopes, and dental services all require strict sterilization protocols to prevent the transmission of HIV and other infections.
Q3. Secretions and excretions of HIV patients should be
Secretions and excretions of HIV patients should be disposed of carefully to prevent the spread of infection. This includes following proper biomedical waste management procedures, such as using appropriate containers and disposal methods.
Q4. Drugs influence human brain by
Drugs influence the human brain by altering nerve cell activity. They interfere with the normal communication between neurons, either by mimicking neurotransmitters or by blocking their action. This leads to the psychoactive effects of drugs.
Q5. Swelling in AIDS patients occurs in
Swelling in AIDS patients commonly occurs in the lymph glands (lymphadenopathy). This is a sign of the immune system’s response to the HIV virus. The lymph nodes become enlarged as they try to fight the infection. Persistent lymph node enlargement is a symptom of HIV infection.
Q6. Precaution in medical procedures include
Precautions in medical procedures include safe disposal of needles (to prevent needle-stick injuries), sterilization of instruments (to kill pathogens), and wearing gloves (to prevent contact with blood and body fluids). All these measures are essential for preventing HIV transmission.
Q7. Doctors and paramedicos should wear
Doctors and paramedics should wear gloves as a precaution when handling patients or performing procedures. Gloves are essential to prevent direct contact with blood and body fluids, which can transmit HIV. Masks, aprons, and shoes may be required in specific situations, but gloves are the most basic and essential protective measure.
Q8. Fungal infection in AIDS patients affects
Fungal infections in AIDS patients commonly affect the mouth and throat, causing a condition called oral candidiasis (thrush). This is because the weakened immune system allows opportunistic fungal infections to develop. Other areas can also be affected, but the mouth and throat are the most common sites.
Q9. Common methods to detect HIV infection include
Common methods to detect HIV infection include ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), Western Blot test, and viral antigen tests. These tests detect HIV antibodies or antigens in the blood. X-ray and ECG are not used for HIV detection.
Q10. Religious or moral beliefs contribute to
Religious or moral beliefs often contribute to AIDS stigma. In many communities, HIV/AIDS is associated with activities considered immoral, such as drug use, promiscuity, or homosexuality. This leads to discrimination and prejudice against people living with HIV.
Q11. Full form of AIDS is
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is a condition caused by HIV that leads to the gradual destruction of the immune system. “Acquired” means it is not inherited but contracted from another source.
Q12. HIV spreads by living in same house with infected person?
HIV does not spread through casual contact, including living in the same house with an infected person. It is not transmitted through hugging, sharing utensils, or using the same toilet. HIV requires direct transmission of blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or breast milk.
Q13. Drug is defined as
A drug is defined as any natural or synthetic chemical that modifies body functions when ingested, inhaled, injected, or applied. This includes both medicinal drugs and substances of abuse. The definition is broad and not limited to natural substances or specific nutrients.
Q14. Safe sex includes
Safe sex includes using condoms (which provide a barrier against HIV and other STDs) and avoiding multiple partners (which reduces the risk of exposure). Together, these practices significantly reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
Q15. Adolescents are prone to substance abuse because
Adolescents are prone to substance abuse due to easy availability of drugs, curiosity to experiment, and peer pressure. These factors, combined with their developing brains and desire for independence, make adolescents particularly vulnerable.
Q16. Symptoms of drug addiction include
Symptoms of drug addiction include loss of appetite (leading to weight loss), tremors (shaking), and clumsy movements (loss of coordination). These are physical signs that indicate a person is dependent on drugs. Weight gain, better coordination, and improved memory are not symptoms.
Q17. Adolescents suffer from problems like
Adolescents suffer from various problems including acne (due to hormonal changes), loneliness (due to social pressures), and eating disorders. These issues are common during the transitional period of adolescence and require proper care and support.
Q18. HIV spreads through swimming pools?
HIV does not spread through swimming pools. The virus cannot survive in water, and it is not transmitted through casual contact. Swimming pools are safe as long as proper chlorination is maintained. HIV is not transmitted through water.
Q19. Repeated infections in children with AIDS include
Children with AIDS suffer from repeated infections including diarrhoea, fever, and persistent cough. These are opportunistic infections that occur because the immune system is weakened. Skin rashes can also occur, but diarrhoea, fever, and cough are more common.
Q20. Viral antigen detection test is used for
Viral antigen detection test is used for HIV detection. This test detects the presence of viral proteins (antigens) in the blood, indicating an active HIV infection. It is one of the methods used to diagnose HIV.
Q21. Weight loss and abnormal slow growth in children with AIDS is
Weight loss and abnormal slow growth are common in children with AIDS. HIV infection can cause malnutrition, chronic diarrhoea, and other conditions that lead to failure to thrive. This is a serious concern in pediatric AIDS.
Q22. People often think HIV infection is due to
People often mistakenly think HIV infection is due to personal irresponsibility. This misconception contributes to stigma and discrimination. In reality, HIV can infect anyone regardless of their behaviour, and many people are infected through no fault of their own (e.g., mother-to-child transmission, blood transfusions).
Q23. Substance abuse is
Substance abuse is the harmful use of substances for mood alteration. This includes using drugs for euphoria, relaxation, or escape from reality. It is not nutritional, medical, or normal use of drugs.
Q24. Intravenous drug users get HIV mainly through
Intravenous drug users get HIV mainly through contaminated needles and syringes. Sharing needles allows HIV to be transmitted directly from one person’s blood to another’s. This is why needle exchange programs are important for harm reduction.
Q25. Sterilization of medical instruments can be done by
Sterilization of medical instruments can be done by boiling in water, dry heat, and steam (autoclaving). All these methods are effective for killing HIV and other pathogens. Each method is used depending on the type of instrument and the level of sterilization required.
Q26. Western Blot test is used for
The Western Blot test is used for the detection of HIV. It is a confirmatory test that detects specific HIV antibodies in the blood. It is often used to confirm positive ELISA test results.
Q27. HIV spreads by sharing food and drinks?
HIV does not spread by sharing food and drinks. The virus is not transmitted through saliva or casual contact. Sharing utensils, food, or drinks does not pose a risk of HIV transmission.
Q28. Persistent cough in adult AIDS patients lasts for
Persistent cough in adult AIDS patients lasts for more than one month. This is a symptom of opportunistic infections like tuberculosis or pneumonia. A cough lasting this long in an HIV-positive person is a cause for concern.
Q29. AIDS-related stigma refers to
AIDS-related stigma refers to prejudice and negative attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS. This includes discrimination, rejection, and social isolation. Stigma can discourage people from getting tested and seeking treatment.
Q30. Full form of HIV is
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is the virus that causes AIDS by attacking and destroying the immune system. “Immunodeficiency” means the immune system is weakened or deficient.
Q31. AIDS patient dies mostly due to
AIDS patients mostly die due to secondary infections. These are opportunistic infections that take advantage of the weakened immune system. Tuberculosis, pneumonia, and fungal infections are common causes of death in AIDS patients.
Q32. Childbirth of HIV infected mother requires
Childbirth of an HIV-infected mother requires utmost care to prevent transmission of the virus to the baby. This includes antiretroviral therapy, careful delivery methods, and counselling on infant feeding. Special precautions are essential.
Q33. HIV can be transmitted through
HIV can be transmitted through blood transfusion if the blood is infected. This is why blood banks screen all donated blood for HIV. Casual handshake, sitting in a crowded bus, and sharing food are not modes of transmission.
Q34. Risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission is
The risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission is about 20-40% without any intervention. However, this risk can be significantly reduced (to less than 2%) with proper treatment, including antiretroviral therapy and safe delivery practices.
Q35. Examples of STDs include
Examples of STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) include gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydiasis, hepatitis-B, and HIV. These are infections that are primarily transmitted through sexual contact. Malaria, diabetes, and cold are not STDs.
Q36. Fraction of HIV patients worldwide who are infants is approximately
Approximately one-quarter (1/4) of HIV patients worldwide are infants. This highlights the significant burden of pediatric HIV, which is mostly due to mother-to-child transmission. Efforts to prevent this are crucial.
Q37. Percentage of HIV transmission through blood transfusion is
Approximately 5% of HIV transmissions occur through blood transfusion. While this number is lower than sexual transmission, it is still significant. Screening of blood donors has drastically reduced this risk in many countries.
Q38. Chronic diarrhoea in AIDS patients lasts for
Chronic diarrhoea in AIDS patients lasts for a longer period (more than one month). This is a symptom of opportunistic infections affecting the gastrointestinal tract. It can lead to severe dehydration and malnutrition.
Q39. HIV cannot spread through
HIV cannot spread through sharing plates, swimming pools, or casual contact. The virus is not transmitted through these routes. It requires direct transmission of blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or breast milk.
Q40. Addiction means
Addiction means compulsive dependence on a substance. It is characterized by an overwhelming urge to take the drug, loss of control over use, and continued use despite harmful consequences. It is not temporary, occasional, or healthy.
Q41. HIV spreads through casual handshake?
HIV does not spread through a casual handshake. The virus is not transmitted through skin-to-skin contact or through sweat. Handshakes, hugging, and other forms of casual contact are safe.
Q42. HIV can also be transmitted through
HIV can also be transmitted through saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and pericardial fluid, though these are less common routes. The risk is generally lower than for blood, semen, and vaginal fluids. Food, water, and air are not transmission routes.
Q43. ELISA test stands for
ELISA stands for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. It is a widely used test for detecting HIV antibodies in the blood. It is the most common initial screening test for HIV.
Q44. Percentage of HIV transmission through intravenous drug use is
Approximately 6% of HIV transmissions occur through intravenous drug use. This is due to sharing contaminated needles and syringes. Harm reduction programs, like needle exchange, help reduce this risk.
Q45. Used syringes and needles should be
Used syringes and needles should be carefully disposed of in puncture-proof containers. This prevents needle-stick injuries and the spread of HIV and other infections. Improper disposal poses a risk to healthcare workers and the public.
Q46. Transmission efficiency of HIV through infected blood transfusion is
The transmission efficiency of HIV through infected blood transfusion is more than 90%. This means that if a person receives HIV-infected blood, there is a very high probability of contracting the virus. This is why blood screening is so important.
Q47. Social stigma associated with AIDS is due to
Social stigma associated with AIDS is due to prejudice, abuse, and negative attitudes towards people living with HIV. This is often fuelled by misinformation, fear, and moral judgments. Stigma can be as harmful as the disease itself.
Q48. Special care is needed during
Special care is needed during all of these situations. Post-mortem procedures, childbirth of an HIV-infected mother, and disposal of dead bodies all require precautions to prevent the spread of HIV. Proper handling and protective equipment are essential.
Q49. One common symptom of AIDS in adults is
Weight loss is a common symptom of AIDS in adults. It is often associated with chronic diarrhoea, fever, and loss of appetite. Unexplained weight loss of more than 10% of body weight is a sign of advanced HIV infection.
Q50. HIV infection is stigmatized due to
HIV infection is stigmatized due to its association with drug addiction, prostitution, and promiscuity. This is because the virus is often transmitted through activities that society may judge harshly. This stigma creates barriers to testing, treatment, and support.