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Q1. Light travels along:
Light travels in a straight line. This is known as the rectilinear propagation of light. It does not travel in a curved, zigzag, or circular path. Shadows and eclipses are evidence that light travels in straight lines.

Q2. What makes things visible to us?
We see objects because they reflect light that falls on them into our eyes. Only luminous objects emit their own light. Non-luminous objects reflect light. If an object absorbed all light, it would appear black and we wouldn’t see it.

Q3. The bouncing back of light from a smooth surface is called:
The bouncing back of light from a smooth surface is called reflection. Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another. Dispersion is the splitting of white light into colours. Absorption is when light is taken in by a material.

Q4. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is:
The first law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection. The angle of incidence is measured between the incident ray and the normal, and the angle of reflection is measured between the reflected ray and the normal. They are always equal.

Q5. When you stand in front of a plane mirror, your left hand appears as the right hand in the image. This phenomenon is called:
Lateral inversion is the phenomenon where the left side of an object appears as the right side in a plane mirror image, and vice versa. This is why the word AMBULANCE is written backwards on ambulances so it appears correct in rear-view mirrors.

Q6. Which of the following is an example of a concave mirror?
The inner surface of a spoon curves inward like a cave, making it a concave mirror. The outer surface is convex. Plane windows and flat mirrors are plane mirrors. A concave mirror converges light and can form real images.

Q7. Which of the following is an example of a convex mirror?
The outer surface of a spoon bulges outward, making it a convex mirror. The inner surface is concave. A convex mirror diverges light and always forms virtual, erect, and diminished images.

Q8. What type of image is formed by a plane mirror?
A plane mirror always forms a virtual, erect (upright), and laterally inverted image. The image is the same size as the object and is formed behind the mirror. It cannot be captured on a screen.

Q9. A real image is one that:
A real image is formed when light rays actually converge at a point. It can be obtained on a screen. Virtual images cannot be captured on a screen. Real images are usually inverted and are formed by concave mirrors and convex lenses.

Q10. A virtual image is one that:
A virtual image is formed when light rays appear to diverge from a point but do not actually meet. It cannot be obtained on a screen. Virtual images are erect (upright) and are formed by plane mirrors, convex mirrors, and concave mirrors when the object is very close.

Q11. A concave mirror can form a real image when the object is placed:
A concave mirror forms a real image when the object is placed beyond the focus (at a distance greater than the focal length). When the object is between the pole and the focus, the image is virtual and erect.

Q12. When an object is placed very close to a concave mirror (between the pole and the focus), the image formed is:
When an object is placed very close to a concave mirror (between the pole and focus), the image formed is virtual, erect, and magnified. This is why concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors to see a magnified image of the face.

Q13. The image formed by a convex mirror is always:
A convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished (smaller) image regardless of the object’s position. This is why convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles—they give a wider field of view.

Q14. A concave lens always forms:
A concave lens always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image, regardless of the object’s position. It is a diverging lens. It cannot form a real image because it diverges light rays.

Q15. A convex lens can form a real image when the object is placed:
A convex lens forms a real image when the object is placed beyond the focus. When the object is between the lens and the focus, it forms a virtual, erect, and magnified image (as in a magnifying glass). The convex lens is a converging lens.

Q16. What type of lens is thicker in the middle than at the edges?
A convex lens is thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges. It converges light rays and is also called a converging lens. A concave lens is thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges.

Q17. What type of lens is thinner in the middle than at the edges?
A concave lens is thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges. It diverges light rays and is also called a diverging lens. A convex lens is thicker in the middle.

Q18. When you look at your reflection in calm water, you are seeing:
When you see your reflection in calm water, the water surface acts as a mirror and reflects light. This is reflection. Refraction is the bending of light, dispersion is splitting into colours, and absorption is when light is taken in.

Q19. Why does the inner side of a spoon (concave surface) sometimes show your image upside down?
The inner surface of a spoon is concave and acts like a concave mirror. When you are far from it, the concave mirror forms a real, inverted image. When you are close, it forms a virtual, erect image. The material (steel) and shininess are not the reasons.

Q20. Why does the outer side of a spoon (convex surface) always show a smaller, upright image?
The outer surface of a spoon is convex, so it acts like a convex mirror. A convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished (smaller) image. The image is upright and smaller than the object.

Q21. The image of a candle placed in front of a concave mirror is formed on a screen. This image is:
Since the image is formed on a screen, it is a real image. Real images formed by concave mirrors are always inverted. Therefore, the image is real and inverted. Virtual images cannot be obtained on a screen.

Q22. A concave mirror is used as a shaving mirror because:
When an object is placed very close to a concave mirror (between the pole and focus), it forms a virtual, erect, and magnified image. This magnified image helps in shaving or applying makeup. This is why concave mirrors are used as shaving or makeup mirrors.

Q23. Convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles because:
Convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors because they give a wider field of view (they show a larger area) and produce smaller, upright images. This helps drivers see a larger area behind them. The images are diminished but upright.

Q24. A virtual image formed by a concave mirror is always:
A virtual image formed by a concave mirror is always erect and magnified. This happens when the object is placed between the pole and the focus. Virtual images are always erect (upright), and in a concave mirror, they are magnified.

Q25. The image formed by a plane mirror is:
A plane mirror always forms a virtual, erect image that is the same size as the object. The image is formed behind the mirror and cannot be captured on a screen. It is also laterally inverted.

Q26. Which of the following statements about a real image is correct?
A real image can be captured on a screen because the light rays actually converge at the image point. Real images are usually inverted and can be larger, smaller, or the same size as the object. They are not formed by convex mirrors.

Q27. Which of the following statements about a virtual image is correct?
A virtual image cannot be captured on a screen because the light rays only appear to diverge from the image point; they do not actually meet there. Virtual images are always erect and can be formed by plane mirrors, convex mirrors, and concave mirrors (when the object is close).

Q28. When a concave mirror forms a real image, the image is:
When a concave mirror forms a real image, the image is always inverted. It can be magnified, diminished, or the same size depending on the object’s position. Real images are never erect; they are always inverted.

Q29. The focal length of a concave mirror is the distance between:
The focal length of a concave mirror is the distance between the pole (the centre of the mirror’s surface) and the focus (the point where parallel rays converge). The radius of curvature is the distance between the pole and the centre of curvature.

Q30. What happens when parallel rays of light fall on a concave mirror?
When parallel rays of light fall on a concave mirror, they reflect and converge at a single point called the focus. This is why concave mirrors are called converging mirrors. The focus is located on the principal axis.

Q31. What happens when parallel rays of light fall on a convex mirror?
When parallel rays fall on a convex mirror, they reflect and diverge (spread out). They appear to come from a point behind the mirror called the focus. This is why convex mirrors are called diverging mirrors. They do not form real images.

Q32. A concave lens is also known as a:
A concave lens is thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges. It diverges light rays, so it is also called a diverging lens. A convex lens converges light and is a converging lens.

Q33. A convex lens is also known as a:
A convex lens is thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges. It converges light rays, so it is also called a converging lens. A concave lens diverges light. A prism disperses light.

Q34. When you look into a calm lake, you see the trees on the shore reflected upside down in the water. This happens because:
The calm water surface acts as a plane mirror. The reflection of distant trees appears inverted because of the geometry of reflection—the image is formed below the water surface, and the top of the tree reflects to the bottom of the image. This is not due to concave/convex reflection or refraction.

Q35. A periscope uses two plane mirrors to:
A periscope uses two plane mirrors placed at 45° angles to reflect light and allow viewing of objects around corners or over obstacles. It is used in submarines and for viewing over crowds. It does not magnify or focus light; it only redirects it.

Q36. Why is it easier to see your reflection in a mirror than in a piece of white paper?
Mirrors have smooth surfaces that cause regular (specular) reflection, forming clear images. Paper has a rough surface that causes diffuse reflection—light is scattered in all directions, so no clear image is formed. This is why you can see yourself clearly in a mirror but not in paper.

Q37. The centre of the spherical surface of a mirror is called the:
The centre of the spherical surface of a mirror is called the centre of curvature. It is the centre of the sphere of which the mirror is a part. The pole is the centre of the mirror’s surface, the focus is where parallel rays meet, and focal length is the distance between the pole and the focus.

Q38. A dentist uses a small concave mirror to examine teeth. Which property of concave mirrors is being used?
A dentist uses a concave mirror because when the object (tooth) is placed close to the mirror (between the pole and focus), it forms a virtual, erect, and magnified image. This allows the dentist to see the tooth clearly and in detail. This is the same principle as a shaving mirror.

Q39. The image formed by a concave mirror is real and inverted. Where is the object placed?
A concave mirror forms a real and inverted image when the object is placed beyond the focus (at a distance greater than the focal length). Between the pole and focus, the image is virtual and erect. At the focus, the image is at infinity.

Q40. Which mirror can form both real and virtual images depending on the position of the object?
A concave mirror can form both real and virtual images depending on the object’s position. When the object is beyond the focus, it forms a real image. When the object is between the pole and the focus, it forms a virtual image. Plane mirrors and convex mirrors always form virtual images.

Q41. What type of image is formed by a concave lens?
A concave lens always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image. It is a diverging lens, so it cannot form real images. The image is always upright (erect) and smaller than the object.

Q42. The splitting of white light into its seven colours is called:
The splitting of white light into its seven constituent colours (VIBGYOR) is called dispersion. This happens when white light passes through a prism. Reflection is bouncing back of light, refraction is bending of light, and absorption is taking in of light.

Q43. A rainbow is formed due to:
A rainbow is formed when sunlight passes through water droplets in the atmosphere. The water droplets refract and disperse the light into its seven colours. This is why we see the spectrum of colours in a rainbow.

Q44. A convex lens is used as a magnifying glass because:
A convex lens acts as a magnifying glass when the object is placed between the lens and its focus. In this position, it forms a virtual, erect, and magnified image. This is used to read small text or examine small objects.

Q45. The image of a distant tree formed by a convex lens on a screen is:
A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a distant object on a screen. When the object is at a distance greater than the focal length, the image formed is real, inverted, and can be captured on a screen. Virtual images cannot be captured on screens.

Q46. Why does a concave mirror produce a real image but a convex mirror does not?
A concave mirror converges (brings together) light rays, so they can meet at a point to form a real image. A convex mirror diverges (spreads out) light rays, so they only appear to come from a point behind the mirror, forming a virtual image. This is the fundamental difference.

Q47. The focal length of a convex mirror is considered positive or negative by convention?
By convention, the focal length of a convex mirror is taken as negative. For a concave mirror, it is positive. This is based on the sign convention used in optics. The focus of a convex mirror is behind the mirror, so its focal length is negative.

Q48. When you see yourself in a plane mirror, the image appears to be:
In a plane mirror, the image appears behind the mirror at the same distance as the object is in front of the mirror. The image is virtual, erect, and laterally inverted. It is formed by the apparent divergence of reflected rays.

Q49. A student conducts an experiment with a concave mirror. He places a candle at a distance greater than the focal length and observes the image on a screen. If he moves the candle closer to the mirror (but still beyond the focus), the image on the screen will:
As the object moves closer to the focus of a concave mirror (but remains beyond the focus), the image moves farther away from the mirror and becomes larger. This is based on the mirror formula. When the object is at the focus, the image is at infinity.

Q50. You are given three mirrors: plane, concave, and convex. You need a mirror that always shows a smaller, upright image and gives a wide view of traffic behind you. Which mirror will you choose?
A convex mirror is the correct choice because it always forms a smaller, upright image and provides a wide field of view. This is why convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles. Plane mirrors do not give a wide view, and concave mirrors can magnify images and do not always give a wide view.